Solution Quest

Sir Joseph Swan, as a result of his quest for carbon fiber for lamp filaments (2), learned how to denitrate nitrocellulose using ammonium sulfide. In 1885 he exhibited the first textiles made from this new artificial sHk, but with carbon fiber being his main theme he failed to foUow up on the textile possibihties. Meanwhile Count Hilaire de Chardoimet (3) was researching the nitrocellulose route and had perfected his first fibers and textiles in time for the Paris Exhibition in 1889. There he got the necessary financial backing for the first Chardoimet silk factory in Besancon in 1890. His process involved treating mulberry leaves with nitric and sulfuric acids to form cellulose nitrate which could be dissolved in ether and alcohol. This collodion solution could be extmded through holes in a spinneret into warm air where solvent evaporation led to the formation of soHd cellulose nitrate filaments. 

The concept of a soap-LSDA detergent represents a simple solution to the quest for less polluting highly efficient laundry detergents [47,48]. If present worldwide price trends for petrochemicals, phosphates, and other builders continue to rise, the use of tallow or other fats and oils, which are replenishable agricultural products or byproducts, should become economically more attractive. Since the USD A research team initiated research on soap-LSDA detergents, the a-sulfonated fatty acid esters (MES) have become commercially available in the United States, Europe, and Japan. 

In all considered above models, the equilibrium morphology is chosen from the set of possible candidates, which makes these approaches unsuitable for discovery of new unknown structures. However, the SCFT equation can be solved in the real space without any assumptions about the phase symmetry [130], The box under the periodic boundary conditions in considered. The initial quest for uy(r) is produced by a random number generator. Equations (42)-(44) are used to produce density distributions T(r) and pressure field ,(r). The diffusion equations are numerically integrated to obtain q and for 0 < s < 1. The right-hand size of Eq. (47) is evaluated to obtain new density profiles. The volume fractions at the next iterations are obtained by a linear mixing of new and old solutions. The iterations are performed repeatedly until the free-energy change... 

This is Kramers escape problem. Since no analytic solution is known for any metastable potential of the shape in fig. 40 the quest is for suitable approximation methods. This problem has received an extraordinary amount of attention from physicists, chemists and mathematicians.5 0 We describe the main features - all present already in the seminal paper by Kramers. 

The quest towards ever larger cavity systems, especially those stable in solution, has leaned increasingly more heavily upon self-assembly as a means towards synthesising assemblies capable of encapsulating large spatial volumes. Some of the largest cavities formed to date are based on the very... 

An underlying question remains in the quest for understanding the hydrophobic effect Can continuum models adequately describe this phenomenon Force measurements between mica surfaces suspended in KC1 solution clearly exhibit an oscillatory behavior with a spatial periodicity approximately the same as the diameter of a water molecule [17], suggesting a challenge to the use of continuum models. 

Protected neamine dimers were prepared using a Quest 210 parallel synthesizer. 5-Ethylcarboxyl-1,3,2, 6 -tetraazido-6,3, 4 -tri-6>-benzylneamine (0.0826 mmol/tube was dissolved in 1.5ml/tube containing CH2C12 distributed to each tube, which was then treated with MP-carbodiimide resin (1.15mmol/g) followed by 1,12-dodecylamine (0.0413 mmol/tube). Solutions were agitated 16 hours, filtered, concentrated, and dimers isolated as colorless foams. 

Theory as a viable partner for experiment -The quest for trivalent silylium ions in solution... 

In the way it became clear that at least one or two of the criteria (1) - (6) had to be fulfilled to expect any success in the quest for free silylium cations in solution, one systematically started to use solvents with weak nucleophilic character as well as weakly coordinating counterions such as 33 or 35 shown in Scheme 5. The lead in this research was taken by Lambert, but Reed made also several important contributions and, therefore, one can say that both Lambert and Reed pushed forward the issue of silylium cations in solution despite scepticism and criticism on the usefulness of such work for general chemistry. Benzene and toluene were chosen as the ideal solvents and in 1993 Lambert and Zhang reported on trialkyl substituted silyl cations in aromatic solvents at the presence of TPFPB as a counterion. [7] From measured 29Si NMR chemical shifts (80 - 110 ppm), Lambert and Zhang concluded that they had obtained R3Si+ (R = Me, Et, Pr, Me3Si) ions with reduced electrophilic interactions with solvent or anion and, therefore, with nearly free cationic structure. 

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