Solution methods and

Gilson, M. K., Sharp, K. A., Honig, B. H. Calculating the electrostatic potential of molecules in solution Method and error assessment. J. Comp. Chem. 9 (1988) 327-335. 

The major disadvantage of solid-phase peptide synthesis is the fact that ail the by-products attached to the resin can only be removed at the final stages of synthesis. Another problem is the relatively low local concentration of peptide which can be obtained on the polymer, and this limits the turnover of all other educts. Preparation of large quantities (> 1 g) is therefore difficult. Thirdly, the racemization-safe methods for acid activation, e.g. with azides, are too mild (= slow) for solid-phase synthesis. For these reasons the convenient Menifield procedures are quite generally used for syntheses of small peptides, whereas for larger polypeptides many research groups adhere to classic solution methods and purification after each condensation step (F.M. Finn, 1976). 

Zander Ch, Enderlein J, Keller RA (2002) (eds) Single molecule detection in solution. Methods and applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany... 

Single-Molecule Detection in Solution. Methods and Applications... 

Ikegawa S et al (1992) Comparison of the alkaline solution method and Salewski s method in the usefulness for detecting implantation sites. Teratology 46 37B... 

For larger more complex problems, a dedicated custom solver can be a better approach in order to control the solution methods and speed of solution. 

This section discusses the design of a suitable absorption column for the production of nitric acid by the single-pressure process. A comprehensive design study determined the column mechanical details and physical characteristics, together with its anticipated performance. This chapter contains the operating criteria and product specifications, the solution method, and finally the results of the design calculations. Details of the design calculations and all associated data are included in Appendix G. 

The simulator used was a DISMOL, described previously by Batistella and Maciel (2). All explanations of the equations used, the solution methods, and the routine of solution are described in Batistella and Maciel (5). DISMOL is a simulator that permits changes in feed composition, feed temperaturethe evaporation rate, as well as feed flow rate. The effective rate of surface evaporation is obtained from the kinetic theory of gases. The liquid film thickness is obtained by mass balance and geometry of the evaporator. The temperature in the liquid obeys the Fourier-Kirchhoff equation. The solution of the velocity profile requires knowledge of the viscosity and the liquid film thickness over the evaporator. The solution for the temperature and the concentration profiles requires knowledge of the velocity profiles, which determine the convective heat and mass fluxes. 

This transformation follows from general similarity solution methods, and is a similarity transformation. The term similar implies that profiles of the variable T — T. , t) (at different coordinates x) differ only by a scale factor. The profiles can be reduced to the same curve by changing the scale along the axis of ordinates. Problems that lack a characteristic length are generally amenable to this solution method. 

A cast film of 28 also responded to the chirality of liquid and solid chiral amines, and exhibited an ICD in the UV-visible region. The observed Cotton effect patterns were similar to those of 28 induced by the chiral amines in solution [147]. These methods are more convenient and practically feasible to sense the chirality of chiral amines than the solution method, and may be applicable to other dynamic helical polyacetylenes. 

It is important for the analytical chemist to realize the selectivity coefficient of a particular electrode. Various methods have been suggested for determining the selectivity coefficient, including the fixed-interference method, separate solution method, and the fixed primary ion method (10,11). The most popular fixed interference method involves two solutions, one containing a... 

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl can be made by solution methods and by high-pressure synthesis. The solution method involves the formation of a salt of cobalt carbonyl such as K[Co(CO)4] and its careful acidification to give the hydrocarbonyl (Gilmont and Blanchard, 43). The alkali salt is made by absorption of carbon monoxide in an alkaline cobalt(II) cyanide suspension according to the equation ... 

Intercalation of poly(ethylene oxide) into a lithium-ion exchanged clay gives an interesting class of layered silicate nanocomposites that are lithium-ion electrolytes. Componnds have been prepared by intercalation from methanol/water solutions and by melt intercalation. Melt intercalation typically gives samples with higher polymer contents than the solution method and with higher lithium-ion conductivity though the conductivity is probably stiU too low for practical applications. 

Cammi, R, Del Valle, F. J. O., and Tomasi, J., Decomposition of the interaction energy with counterpoise corrections to the basis set superposition error for dimers in solution. Method and application to the hydrogen fluoride dimer, Chem. Rhys. 122, 63-74 (1988). 

Single-Molecule Detection in Solution - Methods and Applications, edited by C. Zander, J. Enderlein and R.A. Keller (VCH-Wiley, Berlin/New York, 2002). 

Zander, C., Enderlein, J., Keller, R.A. (eds.). Single-Molecule Detection in Solution Methods and Applications, (Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2002)... 

The diagonal dominance of such a modified discretized equation set is increased since the coefficient of modified equation is larger than that in Eq. (6.31) while other coefficients remain the same. This formulation has a positive effect on many iterative solution methods and is, therefore, recommended. 

As shown in Figure 27, plots of the equilibrium data, the y — x line, and the operating line allow a procedure to calculate the unknown variables for a system, typically, the outlet liquid and vapor compositions. The y = x line simplifies the graphical solution method and intersects the operating line at the feed composition, z. Thus, at this point, y = x = z. The unknown compositions, in the vapor and liquid product streams, are determined by the intersection of the operating line and the equilibrium curve. 

CAPE uses methods and tools developed in chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, economics, and systems engineering, and applies them to products and production methods in process industries. Its original contribution is in the development of new representations for the description of the problems in process industries as well as that in computationally efficient solution methods and tools. 

M. K. Gilson, K. A. Sharp, and B. H. Honig,/. Comput. Chem., 9, 327 (1987). Calculating the Electrostatic Potential of Molecules in Solution Method and Error Assessment. 

Synthesis of opioid pentapeptides, Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin by solution methods and their biological activities... 

Carrera, J., Sanchez-Vila, X., Benet, I., Medina, A., Galarza, G. Guimera, J. (1998). On matrix diffusion formulations, solution methods and qualitative effects. Hydrogeological Journal, 6, 178-190. 

It should be noted that among the three different methods of PNC preparation mentioned above, the solution method and the in situ polymerization method have only limited applications because neither a compatible polymer-silicate solvent system nor a suitable monomer is always available. Moreover, they are not always compatible with current polymer processing techniques. Among all the methods to prepare PNCs, the approach based on direct melt mixing/intercalation is perhaps the most versatile and environmentally benign. 

The Boundary Element Method Solution Methods and Computational Considerations Comparison of Methods... 

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