Solution chemistry, aqueous sodium

Heinje, G., Luck, W. A. P. Heinzinger, K. (1987). Molecular dynamics simulation of an aqueous sodium perchlorate solution. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 91, 331-8. 

Triphenylsilanol is one of several products obtained in the thermally induced decarbonylation of Ph3SiC02H (129). Acylsilanes react readily with aqueous base for example, Ph3SiC(0)Ph affords Ph3SiOH and PhC(0)H when treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (130). Similarly, hydrolysis of the allenyl silane 22 leads to the formation of 23 via the acylsilane 24 [Eq. (24)] (131). (For further examples of acylsilane chemistry, see Refs. 132-134.)... 

Marshall, W.L. and R. Slusher, 1966, Thermodynamics of calcium sulfate dihydrate in aqueous sodium chloride solutions, 0-110°. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 70,4015 1027. 

Tungsten trioxide, WO j, by virtue of its high melting point (1473 K) and insolubility in neutral water and concentrated mineral acids, places it well within the confines of ceramic materials. However, a large branch of inorganic chemistry opens up for W03 when it is exposed to alkali. WO3 can be dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to produce sodium tungstate, Na2W04 ... 

In Equation 4.21, the activity of pure water (a) is unity and the activity of the water with the inhibitor (a ) is the product of the water concentration (xw) and the activity coefficient (xw). The water concentration is known and the activity coefficient is easily obtained from colligative properties for the inhibitor, such as the freezing point depression. For instance the activity of water in aqueous sodium chloride solutions may be obtained from Robinson and Stokes (1959, p. 476) or from any of several handbooks of chemistry and physics. 

Some recent developments in the research of the structure and dynamics of solvated ions are discussed. The solvate structure of lithium ion in dimethyl formamide and preliminary results on the structure of sodium chloride aqueous solutions under high pressures are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the traditional X-ray diffiraction method at new conditions. Perspectives of solution chemistry studies by combined methods as e.g. diffraction results with reverse Monte Carlo simulations, are also shown. 

A voluminous literature exists on the acidic surface groups and their characterization. Therefore, this aspect of carbon surface chemistry can be here treated relatively briefly. The acidity of these groups opens a convenient way for their determination by titration with aqueous or alcoholic bases. The total of the Bronsted acids, including phenols, reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions by neutralization adsorption, while carboxylic acids are neutraflzed already by the weak base sodium hydrogen carbonate carboxylic anhydrides (lactones). Lactones and lactols are opened to the carboxylate form by the stronger base... 

Solution Chemistry of Aqueous Sodium Silicate. The Iler DS... 

Quist, A. S. Marshall, W. L. (1968) Electrical Conductances of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions from 0 to 800 Degrees and at Pressures to 4000Bars, Journal of Physical Chemistry 72, 684-703... 

The treatment chemistry of the MMD is based on (1) the hydrolysis of HD and GB with monoethanolamine (MEA) and water or (2) the hydrolysis of VX with MEA-aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. MEA was chosen as the reagent based on previous experience with it in Russian chemical demilitarization programs. The advantages of MEA include good solvent properties for agents, miscibility with water, noncorrosivity to stainless steel under operating conditions, and low flammability. MEA cannot be used in the RRS because it reacts violently with chloroform, the solvent present in many CAIS items. 

Analysis. Quantitative determination of germanium is usually carried out by potentiometric titration of the mannitol-ger-manate complex formed after fusion with peroxide, with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. See Rijkens, F. and van der Kerk, G. J. M., Organogermanium Chemistry, Germanium Research Committee, 1964. 

The following measurements of the surface tension of aqueous sodium chloride solutions at 25.0°C were taken by a student in a physical chemistry laboratory ... 

Madic C, Hobart D and Begun G 1983 Raman spectrometric studies of actinide (v) and-(vi) complexes in aqueous sodium carbonate solution and of sohd sodium actinide (v) carbonate compounds. Inorganic Chemistry 22(10), 1494-1503. 

Liu D, Ma G, Levering L, Allen H. (2004) Vibrational spectroscopy of aqueous sodium halide solutions and air-liquid interfaces Observation of increased interfecial depth. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108(7) 2252-2260. 

The particular significance of electrolytes in solution chemistry makes the structure of dilute aqueous solutions of monatomic cations and anions also a topic of fundamental interest. Moreover, the sodium and potassium ions in particular figure prominently in biochemical membrane potential phenomena, and their hydration state in aqueous solution is an important factor in ion selectivity and membrane permeability in biological systems. 

The alkali metals have the interesting property of dissolving in some non-aqueous solvents, notably liquid ammonia, to give clear coloured solutions which are excellent reducing agents and are often used as such in organic chemistry. Sodium (for example) forms an intensely blue solution in liquid ammonia and here the outer (3s) electron of each sodium atom is believed to become associated with the solvent ammonia in some way, i.e. the system is Na (solvent) + e" (sohem). 

The alkali metal tetrahydridoborates are salts those of sodium and potassium are stable in aqueous solution, but yield hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. They are excellent reducing agents, reducing for example ion(III) to iron(II). and silver ions to the metal their reducing power is used in organic chemistry, for example to reduce aldehydes to alcohols. They can undergo metathetic reactions to produce other borohydrides, for example... 

Strike sees a point to this in Vogel s text Practical Organic Chemistry (3 ed.)[37]. In it, Vogel crystallizes his ketones using a saturated sodium bisulfite solution that a/so contains a little solvent. This is in contrast to the straight up aqueous (only water) solution that Strike described above. Here is A/hat Vogel said on page 342 ... 

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