Solubility tables

The most important polyhydric alcohols are shown in Figure 1. Each is a white soHd, ranging from the crystalline pentaerythritols to the waxy trimethylol alkyls. The trihydric alcohols are very soluble in water, as is ditrimethylol-propane. Pentaerythritol is moderately soluble and dipentaerythritol and tripen taerythritol are less soluble. Table 1 Hsts the physical properties of these alcohols. Pentaerythritol and trimethyl olpropane have no known toxic or irritating effects (1,2). Finely powdered pentaerythritol, however, may form explosive dust clouds at concentrations above 30 g/m in air. The minimum ignition temperature is 450°C (3). 

In general, pyridazine can be compared with pyridine. It is completely miscible with water and alcohols, as the lone electron pairs on nitrogen atoms are involved in formation of hydrogen bonds with hydroxylic solvents, benzene and ether. Pyridazine is insoluble in ligroin and cyclohexane. The solubility of pyridazine derivatives containing OH, SH and NH2 groups decreases, while alkyl groups increase the solubility. Table 1 lists some physical properties of pyridazine. 

The H in solubility tables (2-121 to 2-144) is the proportionahty constant for the expression of Henry s law, p = Hx, mere x = mole fraction of the solute in the liqiiid phase p = partial pressure of the solute in the gas phase, expressed in atmospheres and H = a. proportionality constant expressed in units of atmospheres of solute pressure in the gas phase per unit concentration of the solute in the hquid phase. (The unit of concentration of the solute in the liquid phase is moles solute per mole solution.)... 

Solvent Resistance. One of the distinct advantages of a crystalline thermoplastic elastomer over an amorphous one should be its superior solvent resistance, since the latter types are generally soluble. Table III shows the swelling behavior of the H2-BIB triblocks in toluene at 25°C. It can be seen that the maximum swelling obtained was in the case of the H2-BIB-34, which had the lowest end-block content. Furthermore, the equilibrium swelling ratio of 3-26 obtained for this polymer is considerably less than the value of 5 or 6 generally exhibited by a well-vulcanized natural rubber. 

Solubility tables. Here the older editions really shine. The 43rd edition gives numerical solubility data for benzoic acid 0.184,0.2718,2.275. These... 

The field pea and fababean flours, which were ground to 60-mesh, showed hieh nitrogen solubility (Table III). However, the orocess of oin milling reduced the NSI values to approximately one-half that of the original flours. The air classified protein... 

Pigments are supplied with solubility tables determined by the manufacturer. The results are reported with respect to the test method described in Sec. I.6.2.I. Although pigment dissolution is not normally very advanced in these tests, many samples distinctly bleed, irrespective of the particle size. 

Young s equation is a plausible, widely used result, but experimental verification is often rendered difficult e.g., the two terms which involve the interface between the solid and the two other phases cannot be measured independently. Furthermore, many complications can arise with contact angle measurements ys values of ionic solids based on contact angle measurements are different from those estimated from solubility (Table 6.1) (cf. Table A.4.1). 

Reduction lowers the charge to radius ratio of transition metal ions, promoting higher rates of ligand substitution. Reduced, divalent oxidation states of manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel are also quite soluble (Table II). 

The composition of the subsurface gas phase may change as a result of gas dissolution into the liquid phase. The solubility of gases in water depends on the type of gas, temperature, salt concentration, and the partial pressure of the gases in the atmosphere. The most soluble gases are those that become ionized in water (CO, NHj, H S), while and are much less soluble (Table 1.2). 

Finally, the solubility parameter of the adhesive and the substrate must be close. Without getting too teehnieal, the solubility parameter is a rough estimate of polarity. The old saying like dissolves like can be extended to like bonds like. More aeeurately, the solubility parameter is the ealeulated potential energy of 1 em of material for eommon solvents. Polymers are assigned solubility parameters of solvents in which they are soluble. Table 19.3 lists solubility parameters for various solvents and polymers. As an example of how to use this table, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber with 6= 9.5 bonds natural rubber (6= V.9-8.3) to phenolic plastics (6= 11.5). Note that its solubility parameter is between that of the two substrates. 

For a polyimide to be used as a coating, it must be applied in a liquid form. Since polyimides are not soluble in most common solvents, (Table I)they are usually applied in the form of their precusors, polyamic acids. The polyamic acid is soluble in strongly basic solvents such as NMP, DMAC, etc. (solubility Table II). The solution of the polyamic acid is applied to the substrate and thermally cured to form the polyimide. 

If activity coefficients arc iunorcd la-Mimcd lo bo unity a gro s approximation responsible lor the noii-quantitative connection between chances in Gibbs energy ol solution and actual salt solubilities), it is possible to draw up a table of values of the change in (iibbs energy for the solution of a compound in water that might be expected for various solubilities. Table. Tin contains the calculations of A , (/ for various solubilities of I I ionic compounds. The calculations arc based on the approximate relationship ... 

The conformation of the glucopyranose units results in a three-dimensional (3-D) structure best represented by a segment of a hollow cone (Fig. 4). The 3-D structure of the CD provides a cavity that is hydrophobic relative to an aqueous environment and that varies in size with a-CD being the smallest and y-CD the largest. The hydroxyls or substituents of the modified CDs provide the hydrophilic exterior responsible for the aqueous solubility of the CDs. The properties of the parent CDs that affect their use in drug complexation are (i) their maximum aqueous solubilities (Table 1) and (ii) the differences in complexation due to differences in cavity dimensions. 

J. T. Lowitz found the solubility of potassium hydroxide to be such that it dissolved in half its weight of water A. Bineau found water dissolved two-thirds its weight of sodium hydroxide, and its own weight of potassium hydroxide and J. Dalton compiled the first table of the solubility of the last-named compound. H. Schiff, and G. T. Gerlach calculated solubility tables from Dalton s data. The solubility curve27 of lithium hydroxide has a eutectic at —18° with 11 2 per cent, of lithium hydroxide at —59°, the soln. contains 4 31 per cent. LiOH and the solid phase with ice, at the eutectic, is the monohydrateof lithium hydroxide, Li0H.H20, of sp. gr. 1 829 it has a heat of soln. of 0 720 Cal. at 18°. The solubility of the monohydrate is ... 

Solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, which are very lipid soluble, are rapidly and completely absorbed from most sites of application, whereas more polar compounds such as the sugar mannitol (Fig. 3.6) are very poorly absorbed as a consequence of limited lipid solubility (Table 1). For certain compounds, the lipid solubility as indicated by the log P (octanol-water) has been found to correlate well with the acute toxicity, for example, in some... 

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