Solubility of liquids

Figure 12.1 The solubilities of liquid sodium in the liquid sodium halides...

An easy to use nomograph has been developed for the solubility of liquid hydrocarbons in water at ambient conditions (25°C). The accuracy of the nomograph has been checked against available solubility data. Performance of the nomograph has been compared with the predictions given by two available analytical correlations. The nomograph is much simpler to use and far more accurate than either of the analytical methods. 

Schaper, K.-J., Kunz, B., Raevsky, O. A. Analysis of water solubility data on the basis of HYBOT descriptors. Part 2. Solubility of liquid chemicals and drugs. QSAR Comb. Sci. 2003, 22, 943-958. 

At least two correlation studies on the aqueous solubilities of liquid organic compounds have been published [18, 19], and in each case an excellent correlation (r > 0.9) was obtained. For both liquid and solid compounds, log P or CLOGP accounts for a major portion of variance in water solubility [3, 4, 20]. However, the... 

Vadas, G.G., MacIntyre, W.G., Burris, D.R. (1991) Aqueous solubility of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures containing dissolved sohd components. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10, 633-639. 

However, when liquid E is slowly added to liquid F, with which it is only partially miscible, in the beginning only one phase is present (If Ip). When the solubility of liquid E in liquid F is exceeded, two phases result. After a very large quantity of liquid E is added to liquid F (If Ip), one phase again is present. 

The solubility of liquids and solids are, in general, not affected by changes in pressure. However, the solubility of gases is affected. The greater the pressure is, the greater the solubility of the gas in a liquid. 

Cal, K. Aqueous solubility of liquid monoterpenes at 293 K and relationship with calculated log P value. Yakugaku Zasshi, 126(4) 307-309, 2006. 

Hill, A.E. The mutual solubility of liquids. 1. The mutual solubility of ethyl ether and water. 11. The solubility of water in benzene, J. Am. Chem. Soa, 45(5) 1143-1155, 1923. 

Korenman, I.M. and Aref eva, R.P. Determination of the solubility of liquid hydrocarbons in water, Otkrytiya Izobret. Prom. 

Miller, DJ. and Hawthorne, S.B. Solubility of liquid organics of environmental interest in subcritical (hot/liquid) water from... 

Alkene Solubility at room temperature/ppm Calculated solubility of liquid alkane at 25 °C/ppm... 

The particular case of the solubilities of organic solutes in water can be dealt with by rather simple equations, based on a general equation for solvent-dependent properties, apphed to solubilities, distribution ratios, rate constants, chromatographic retention indices, spectroscopic quantities, or heats of association [4] [see Eq. (2.12) for an example of its application]. For the molar solubilities of (liquid) aliphatic solutes B in water at 25°C the equation... 

Solvent Strength of Pure Fluids. The density of a pure fluid is extremely sensitive to pressure and temperature near the critical point, where the reduced pressure, P equals the reduced temperature, Tr, =1. This is shown for pure carbon dioxide in Figure 2. Consider the simple case of the solubility of a solid in this fluid. At ambient conditions, the density of the fluid is 0.002 g/cm3. Thus the solubility of a solid in the gas is low and is given by the vapor pressure over the total pressure. The solubilities of liquids are similar. At the critical point, the density of C02 is 0.47 g/cm3. This value is nearly comparable to that of organic liquids. The solubility of a solid can be 3—10 orders of magnitude higher in this more liquid-like C02. 

Pressure has practically no effect on the solubility of liquids and solids but has a profound effect on the solubility of gases. According to Henry s law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution ... 

We have so far discussed two cases, namely complete solubility of liquids and complete immiscibility of liquids. But there are a number of liquid systems which show partial miscibility, i.e., liquids that do not mix in all proportions at all temperatures. 

B. Solubility of Liquids.—Liquids sometimes dissolve in water in all proportions without separating out into two phases. Such is the case with methyl and ethyl alcohols, and it is easy to pass from what may be termed a solution of alcohol in water, by successive additions of alcohol, to a solution of water m alcohol, the latter liquid being so much in excess as to merit the term solvent, the water being the solute. 

In the mutual solubility of liquids one must first of all consider the thermal effect which occurs on mixing, namely, the heat of mixing M11. This quantity consists of the difference between the cohesion energy of the mixture and that of the pure components individually. Now it is plausible that the... 

Supercritical fluids have physical properties intermediate to those of gases and liquids. Therefore, they are considered useful as reaction media because of the surprisingly high solubility of liquid and solid solutes in them, particularly when compressed to liquid-like densities. 

Solubility is extremely difficult to calculate. Dozens of methods exist, but none is reliable enough to be used in the entire chemical diversity space populated by infinite drug candidates. Experimental solubility errors are relatively high and frequent. Moreover, solubility can change dramatically with the purity of the compounds, stability, and time. Solubility of liquid substances differs from that of solid phase compounds. Solubility is thermodynamically affected by crystal packing, influencing the process of crystal lattice disruption and hence polymorphism, amorphous solid compounds lead to imprecise experimental measures. Finally, publically available databases of solubility values contain a lot of errors. 

Kablukov, LA., Malischeva, V.T. (1925) The volumetric method of measurement of the mutual solubility of liquids. The mutual solubihty of the systems ethyl ether-water and iso-amyl alcohol-water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47, 1553-1561. 

Solutions of Liquids.—The solubility of liquids in water varies between wide limits. Some liquids, especially oils and organic liquids, are practically insoluble in water, and their insolubility is seen by the formation, after agitation, of two distinct layers of liquid. 

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