Solubility basic concepts

Our goal in this chapter is to help you continue learning about acid-base equilibrium systems and, in particular, buffers and titrations. If you are a little unsure about equilibria and especially weak acid-base equilibria, review Chapters 14 and 15. You will also learn to apply the basic concepts of equilibria to solubility and complex ions. Two things to remember (1) The basic concepts of equilibria apply to all the various types of equilibria, and (2) Practice, Practice, Practice. 

Like dissolves like is the basic concept for the selection of solvents in the eluent for liquid chromatography. Controlling the solubility of analytes is the key to success. If the selected solvent or mixture of solvents does not interfere with detection, it is a good eluent. The selection of a suitable solvent for low-wavelength absorption detection and post-column derivatization detection is important to obtain highly sensitive detection. The selection of a volatile solvent is the key for preparative-scale liquid chromatography and for mass spectro-metric detection. 

The basic concept behind studies such as this is that esterification may modify corticosteroid activity by (1) increasing lipid solubility of the drug and thereby... 

A basic concept is that a given carbonate mineral will not dissolve in a solution that is supersaturated with respect to that mineral or precipitate from a solution undersaturated with respect to that mineral. If a solution is undersaturated with respect to all carbonate minerals, they may all dissolve with their relative dissolution rates determined by grain size, microstructure, and solution composition, among other factors. The idea that under universally undersaturated conditions mineral solubility may not simply control dissolution rates, even for grains of the same size, was confirmed by Walter and Morse (1985). They observed that relative dissolution rates in seawater could not be normalized directly to total surface areas, but rather depended strongly on microarchitecture (Figure 7.6). 

The basic concept for a new process was then to take advantage of the slope of the equilibrium solubility curves of CO2 in aqueous MDEA solutions to be able to liberate a maximum amount of the acid gas from the solution by simple physical... 

In order to understand most of the basic concepts in chemistry, chemical equilibrium is enormously important. In this sense Berquist and Heikkinen [1] state Yet equilibrium is fundamental to student understanding of other chemical topics such as acid and base behavior, oxidation-reduction reactions, and solubility. Mastery of equilibrium facilitates the mastery of these other chemical concepts . 

When the product coming out of the spray dryer is too fine it does not wet readily and so is harder to reconstitute. To make the product more readily soluble, it is agglomerated in a small fluidized or vibrated fluidized bed, as shown in Figure 23.23. This two-stage arrangement is used in the production of instant coffee, milk powder, cocoa, etc. An extension of this basic concept is the so-called spray-fluidizer, which dries the material in two stages. In the first stage (spray dryer). 

Of the eleven chapters in this book, the first two deal with fundamentals such as solubility, supersaturation, basic concepts in crystallography, nucleation, and crystal growth, and are aimed at... 

I summarize briefly below the basic concepts of this approach, which is derived from that developed by Beerbower and Hill [31] for the stability of classical nonionic emulsions, which is referred to as the cohesive energy ratio (CER) concept. The treatment lies in a perfect chemical match between the partial solubility parameters of oil ( ) and surfactant lipophilic tail 6]) and of water and hydrophilic head. Under these conditions, one obtains for the optimum HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) of the surfactant the relation... 

Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) is the method in which a pressmized solution is rapidly expanded through an adequate nozzle, causing an extremely fast nucleation of the solid solute in a micronized form. This process is attractive due to the absence of organic solvent during processing, but its application is restricted to products reasonably soluble in supercritical fluids (commonly used fluid is carbon dioxide). The basic concept of RESS was first described more than a 100 years ago [8], while modem development started after the pioneering works of Krukonis [2,3] and especially the Battelle Institute research team [9,10]. 

When one applies the solubility parameter idea to mixtures, the same basic concepts allow one to visualize the molecular situation in terms of the interactions among the various molecular species present. As a first approximation, one can estimate the cohesive interaction between two unlike molecules, Eo(ah), as the product of the two solubility parameters... 

Electrochemical manipulation of polymers in solution can lead to conformational changes and finally to changes in their solubility. Naturally, this was found for electrochemically induced solvation, but also for electrochemically induced com-plexation. Changes in solubility can even lead to gelation, which will be covered further in Sect. 2.3. In any case, addressable polymers in solution are good examples for explaining the basic concepts behind the switching procedures. 

Mutual compatibility of polymers and solvents is one of the important issues of materials engineering not only in the polymer industry but also for pharmaceuticals, where drug delivery and release is closely related to the properties of the individual components. In simple terms, like dissolves like, a principle that can be quantified through the Hildebrand solubility parameter, which is defined as the square root of the cohesive energy density. The basic concept has been further refined by Hansen [1], who introduced individual terms related to the van der Waals dispersion forces, dipole interaction, and hydrogen bonding. The total solubility parameters and... 

The concept described in Figure 3.1 is simple compared to the complexity of microbial systems. However, it reflects basic aspects of what is important related to the processes in a microbial system a distinction between active biomass and substrate in both soluble and particulate forms. At the same time, the... 

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