Solubilities as function

At first glance the relationship between fullerene solubility and fatty acids unsaturation may appear as a surprise. However, it should be noticed that the unsaturation level of vegetable oils correlates also with their refractive index (Martinenghi, 1963). Thus, following the approach of Sivaraman et al. (1994), it is possible to show the change in solubility as function of the polarizability parameter of the solvent defined as ... 

Binary data can be represented with a T—x diagram that shows the mutual solubility as function of temperature. Most of the binary systems belong to one of the classes in Fig. 10.1. For ternary systems, experimental data are usually obtained at constant temperature and given in ternary diagrams. There are many types of systems, but more than 95% belong to one of the two classes shown in Fig. 10.1. 

Fig. 10.1 Different types of liquid-liquid systems, (a), (b) Solubility as function of temperature for binary systems (c), (d) ternary systems. (Dashed lines are examples of tie lines, which connect the two phases in equilibrium located at the binodal.)...

A) Logarithmic diagram of Al(III) solubility as function of Al concentration and pH, derived from ther-modyn. equilibrium constants. (B) Extent of Al-hydrol-ysis as function of pH. (C) Variation of the coagulation rate, expressed as collision efficieny factor, with pH at constant Al dosage (a values determined from Equation 3)... 

Solubility as function of composition and temperature experimental domain... 

Pelegrine, D.H.G. Gasparetto, C.A. Whey protein solubility as function of temperature and pH. LWT—Food Science and Technology, 2005, 38, 77-80. 

Emulsifiers are classified by the hydrophilic—lipophilic balance (HLB) system. This system indicates whether an emulsifier is more soluble in water or oil, and for which type of emulsion (water-in-oil or oil-in-water) it is best suited. Emulsifiers having alow HLB value are more oil soluble, and are better suited for water-in-oil appHcations such as margarine. Conversely, emulsifiers having a high HLB value are more water soluble, and function more effectively in oil-in-water emulsions such as ice cream (34). The use of this system is somewhat limited because the properties of emulsifiers are modified by the presence of other ingredients and different combinations of emulsifiers are needed to achieve a desired effect. The HLB values of some common emulsifiers are given (35). 

The original Polacolot negative had water-coated intedayers of gelatin (60). The SX-70 and Polacolot 2 negatives use as intedayers a combination of a polymeric latex with a water-soluble polymer. A key development was the constmction of lattices that function as temporary batnets, reducing interimage problems. The water-soluble polymer functions as a permeator, so that the harder properties ate tunable (61). 

Typical values of acetone solubility as a function of temperature at a total pressure of 760 muiHg are shown in the following table ... 

Complexity within homopolymers as well as that of PBAs have made the task of analysis and characterization a difficult one. Basically, the task of analysis and characterization of PBAs is not different from that of simple low-molecular weight polymers, provided adequate solubility and sites are available for accepting artificial stimulation responses to those stimuli that may be used as functional tools for characterization. Properties of the blend mainly depend on the homogeneity of blends. The processes that are used for characterization of the PBAs are discussed in the following sections [128-131]. 

Fluxes are linear functions of reservoir contents. Reservoir size and the residence time of the carbon in the reservoir are the parameters used in the functions. Between the ocean and the atmosphere and within the ocean, fluxes rates are calculated theoretically using size of the reservoir, surface area of contact between reservoirs, concentration of CO2, partial pressures of CO2, temperature, and solubility as factors. The flux of carbon into the vegetation reservoir is a function of the size of the carbon pool and a fertilization effect of increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Flux from vegetation into the atmosphere is a function of respiration rates estimated by Whittaker and Likens (79) and the decomposition of short-lived organic matter which was assumed to be half of the gross assimilation or equal to the amount transferred to dead organic matter. Carbon in organic matter that decomposes slowly is transferred... 

In the case of molten salts, the functional electrolytes are generally oxides or halides. As examples of the use of oxides, mention may be made of the electrowinning processes for aluminum, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and some of the rare earth metals. The appropriate oxides, dissolved in halide melts, act as the sources of the respective metals intended to be deposited cathodically. Halides are used as functional electrolytes for almost all other metals. In principle, all halides can be used, but in practice only fluorides and chlorides are used. Bromides and iodides are thermally unstable and are relatively expensive. Fluorides are ideally suited because of their stability and low volatility, their drawbacks pertain to the difficulty in obtaining them in forms free from oxygenated ions, and to their poor solubility in water. It is a truism that aqueous solubility makes the post-electrolysis separation of the electrodeposit from the electrolyte easy because the electrolyte can be leached away. The drawback associated with fluorides due to their poor solubility can, to a large extent, be overcome by using double fluorides instead of simple fluorides. Chlorides are widely used in electrodeposition because they are readily available in a pure form and... 

C. H. Schein, Solubility as a function of protein structure and solvent components, Biotechnology, 8, 308 (1990). 

Although the single bubble experiment in Fig. 14.10b and the aforementioned multi-bubble work of Didenko et al. does support the hypothesis that thermal conductivity is a defining parameter of SL emission intensity, an alternative explanation attributes the trend in multi-bubble systems to the gas solubility, rather than the thermal conductivity. If the SL data from Fig. 14.9 is re-plotted as a function of the gas solubility, as shown below in Fig. 14.11, a very good correlation is found. This explanation is supported by several studies by Okitsu et al. [42, 59]. They found sonochemical activity to obey the same trend for the rare gases as for thermal conductivity, SL luminosity and temperature, as described above. This is evident in Fig. 14.12, which shows the sonochemical reduction of Au(III) to colloidal gold as a function of sonication time for different gas atmospheres. 

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