Solid state ionic laser

R. B. Chesler, J. E. Geusic, Solid State Ionic Lasers, in Laser Handbook, Vol. 1 (Eds. F. T. Arecchi, E. O. Schultz-Dubois), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972, p. 325. 

Chesler, R.B. and J.E. Geusic, 1972, Solid-state ionic lasers, in Arecchi, F.T, and E.O. Schulz-DuBois. eds.. Laser Handbook, vol. I (North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam), pp. 325-368. 

Imanishi N, Matsumura T, Sumiya Y, Yoshimura K, Hirano A, Takeda Y et al. Impedance spectroscopy of perovskite air electrodes for SOFC preparated by laser ablation method. Solid State Ionics 2004 174 245-252. 

T. Goto, High-Speed Deposition ofZirconia Films by Laser-Induced Plasma CVD, Solid State Ionics, 172, 225-229 (2004). 

H. Miao, J. C. Dietz, L. A. Angurel, J. I. Pena and G. F. de la Fuente, Phase formation and micro-structure of laser floating-zone grown BSCCO fibers reactivity aspects. Solid State Ionics, 101-103,1025-1032 (1997). 

Figure 25.23 Johnson, M.L. CBC. See also Johnson, M.T., Schmalzried, H., and Carter, C.B. (1997) The effect of an applied electric field on a heterogeneous solid-state reaction, Solid State Ionics 101-103, 1327. Johnson M.T. and Carter, C.B. (1998) Thin-film reaction between a-FeiOs and (001) MgO, Microsc. Microanal. 4, 141. Johnson, M.T., Kotula, P.G., and Carter, C.B. (1999) Growth of nickel ferrite thin films using pulsed-laser deposition, J. Cryst. Growth 206, 299.

E.W. Dynys, M.H. Berger, A. Sayir, Pulsed laser deposition of high temperature protonic films. Solid State Ionics 177, 2333-2337 (2006)... 

Due to the special characteristics of the laser emission process and the parasitic non-radiative de-excitation, it is necessary to carefully select the laser materials, including both the active ions and host materials. In addition, the characteristics of dopants and the states of doping have also played a crucial role in determining the performances of laser materials and thus the solid-state lasers. The efficiency and effectiveness of doping is mainly determined by the degree of matching in ionic radii between the dopant ions and substituted cations. The Shannon ionic radii of the ions in condensed state with anionic coordination number of 6 and 8 are rs = 0.103-0.115 nm and rg = 0.113-0.128 nm, respectively. In both cases, the radius decreases with increasing atomic number [79]. These ions can substitute for host cations with similar ionic radius, such as Ca ", La ", Gd ", Y ", Lu ", ... 

Solid-state lasers are based on a wide variety of materials. All of these materials are conceptually similar, however, in that a laser-active impurity ion is incorporated into the solid material, referred to as the host. In nearly all cases of interest to us, the host is an ionic solid (e.g., MgO), and the impurity carries a positive charge (e.g., NP+). As a simple illustration of this situation, a two-dimensional view of the MgO Ni system is pictured in Fig. 2. Here, a small fraction of the Mg + sites are substituted by ions. While the pure MgO crystal is clear, the NiO doping leads to green coloration. It is the impurity ions that are responsible for the laser action. The host medium nevertheless profoundly affects the electronic structure of the impurity and is, of course, responsible for the bulk optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the laser medium. 

Auzel, E, 1987, Materials for Ionic Solid State Lasers, in Spectroscopy of Solid State Laser-type Materials, ed. B. Di Bartolo (Plenum Press, New York) p. 293. 

Andrews [9] and others [10] have listed the emission lines of the most commonly available discrete-wavelength lasers (such as ruby, Nd YAG, Er YAG, excimer lasers) over the range 100 nm-10 /u.m. Molecular lasers (HF, CO, CO2, NO) can be tuned to a large number of closely spaced but discrete wavelengths. Continuously tuneable lasers comprise some metal ion vibronic lasers (e.g. alexandrite and Ti sapphire [11]), some diode and excimer lasers, dye and free-electron lasers. Tuneable sources of coherent radiation span the electromagnetic spectrum from 300 nm to 1 mm, with limited tune-ability down to about 200 nm. Wavelength coverages of tuneable lasers have been reported [8]. In operation lasers can be either pulsed (e.g. various metal ion tuneable vibronic lasers, excimer and dye lasers, metal vapour) or continuous wave (major types atomic and ionic gas lasers, dye and solid-state lasers). Most lasers with spectral output in the UV are bulky and expensive devices (especially sub 200 nm) and operate in the pulsed mode. On the contrary, many visible lasers are available which are compact, require low maintenance expenses and operate in continuous-wave (CW) mode. 

In the P" phase, trivalent cations like Eu + can also be substituted for Na+. For instance, when a slab of this crystal is heated in EuClj powder for 24 h, almost all the Na is replaced by Eu. This vapor-phase ion exchange utihzing fast ion transport is a typical example of materials synthesis by soft chemistry. Unfortimately, rare earth P"-aluminas are not good ionic conductors, but they are promising candidates as crystals for solid state lasers. ... 

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