Solid state ionic conductors

In considering the selection of anodes for high energy density (HED) storage (or secondary) batteries (SB), we note that there are some 19 metals whose free-energy density (TED) of reaction with oxidants such as O2, Cl2, and F2 are higher than those of Zn with the same oxidants. Most of these metals react violently with water. The remainder are passivated by water. Therefore other electrolytes must be considered for these metals, based on non-aqueous, molten salt, or solid-state ionic conductors. Much experimental work has been carried out during the last two decades on primary and secondary batteries based on anhydrous electrolytes, aimed at utilization of the active metals. 

Different complications arise if the selective layer is a solid-state ionic conductor. At such an interface, a net electrochemical reaction, governed by Faraday s law, takes place and the mass transport of the electroactive ionic species within the contact region and formation of a depletion layer must be considered. In general, when the response of the sensor depends on the chemical modulation of the contact resistance by one of the above mechanisms it will be a strongly nonlinear function of concentration. Furthermore, because Rc is always dependent on the applied voltage, the optimization of the response must be done by examining the voltage-current characteristics of the contact. 

Although the appearance of a working PT.EC is similar to a PLED based on the same electroluminescent polymer, the working mechanism of PLECs is fundamentally different from that of PLEDs. The emissive material in PLECs consists of electroluminescent polymer and electrolyte. The electrolyte is a solid-state ionic conductor consisting of lithium salt and ion-solvation polymer. Before the application of a voltage bias, the dissolved ions... 

Molten oxide Ionic Molten-salt Ionic Aqueous electrolyte Ionic Solid-state ionic conductor Ionic... 

Kiunar RV (1997) Application of rare earth containing solid state ionic conductors in electrolytes. J Alloys Compd 250 501-509... 

CO2 sensors are usually sensors of Type III (see Table 6.4), which were designed as combination of P-alumina (Liu and Weppner 1992 Holzinger et al. 1996) or NASICON (Maruyama et al. 1987 Porta and Kumar 2000) with Na2C03 as auxiliary phase. These materials are generally accepted as good solid-state ionic conductors. Other solid electrolytes, of course, can also be used in the design of CO sensors (Holzinger et al. 1996). 

Popall M., Du X.-M. Inorganic-organic copolymers as solid state ionic conductors with grafted anions. Electrochim. Acta 1995 40 2305-2308... 

Fig. 19. Schematic illustration of the mechanisms of (a) hole hopping and (b) iodine radical transport through CBZ-IMDZ-I solid-state ionic conductors (Midya et al, 2010).

P. (2010). A new class of solid state ionic conductors for application in all solid state dye sensitized solar cells. Chemical Communications, 46, 2010, 2091-2093. 

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