Solid-state diodes

A. Van der Ziel, Space-Charge-Limited Solid-State Diodes... 

N. Holonyak, Jr. and M. H. Lee, Photopumped III-V Semiconductor Lasers H. Kressel and J. K Butler, Heterojunction Laser Diodes A Van der Ziel, Space-Charge-Limited Solid-State Diodes P. J. Price, Monte Carlo Calculation of Electron Transport in Solids... 

Rahavendran SV, Karnes HT. Solid-state diode laser-induced fluorescence detection in high-performance liquid-chromatography. Pharmaceutical Research 10, 328-334, 1993. 

Solid-state diode (including zener diodes)... 

A. Van der Ziel, Space-Charge-Limited Solid-State Diodes P J. Price, Monte Carlo Calculation of Electron Transport in Solids... 

Sources. The ultimate source for spectroscopic studies is one that is intense and monochromatic but tunable, so that no dispersion device is needed. Microwave sonrces such as klystrons and Gnnn diodes meet these requirements for rotational spectroscopy, and lasers can be similarly nsed for selected regions in the infrared and for much of the visible-ultraviolet regions. In the 500 to 4000 cm infrared region, solid-state diode and F-center lasers allow scans over 50 to 300 cm regions at very high resolution (<0.001 cm ), but these sources are still quite expensive and nontrival to operate. This is less trne... 

The communications revolution also relies on a diverse set of CVD technologies. Some components are similar to those used in silicon microelectronics, but many are unique, involving complex epitaxial heterostructures of SiGe or compound semiconductor (e.g., AlGaAs) alloys that are required to yield high frequency (1-100 GHz) device operation. The communication revolution also relies on optoelectronic components, such as solid state diode lasers (another complex heterostructure device), and these devices are often grown by CVD. - Even the fiberoptic cables that transmit the optical component of the communications network are manufactured using a CVD technique to achieve the desired refractive index profile. ... 

The signals from interstellar space are veiy weak and must be amplified in order to be detected. Direct amplification of the space signals is ineffective, because millimeter-wave electronics generate too much random noise. Instead, the super heterodyne technique is used at millimeter telescopes. In this scheme, the radiation from space, Vsky, is mixed (combined) in a solid state diode, the mixer, with a signal generated at the telescope, the so-called local oscillator , vl.o, or simply LO . The LO is produced by a semiconductor chip, usually a Guim diode. TTie mixer generates an intermediate frequency, vi.f, by... 

The "up-conversion" (Anti-Stokes) phosphors have been used in solid state indicator lamps incorporated within various electronic equipment for several years before being supplanted by the visible-emitting GaAlAs Si solid state diode. 

The redox behavior of PVFc (VFc ) has been utilized in the construction of a microelectrochemical diode along with a redox-active viologen-based V,A -dibenzyl-4,4 -bipyridinium-based polymer (BPQ ). The polymers were coated upon microelectrodes and current was found to pass when the negative lead was attached to the (BPQ ) electrode and the positive lead was connected to the (VFc ) electrode. Thus, as the applied potential approached the difference in redox potentials of the two polymers, current flowed as shown in Equation (5a), and is favorable by p 0.9V. However, current does not flow if the applied potential is in the opposite sense as seen in Equation (5b), as it is disfavored by 0.9 V. The switching time of this diode, which is controlled by the time required to oxidize or reduce the polymers, was long in comparison with that of the solid-state diodes. ... 

A variety of laser sources have been applied to photodynamic therapy trials. These have included dye lasers (Coherent Lambda Plus, Santa Clara, CA or Laserscope Model 630, San Jose, CA) which use one source of laser energy (argon or KTP-YAG) to drive a dye (kiton red) to produce a red light. These laser systems usually require special power outlets and water cooling to function properly. Recently, a solid state diode laser has been produced (Diomed 630 PDT, Cambridge, UK) which can be operated from standard power outlets and can be air-cooled. This diode laser can supply up to 2 W of power at 630 nm, which is sufficient to activate porphyrin compounds. 

Tunable gas phase lasers are expensive. Less expensive solid-state diode lasers with wavelengths in the NIR are available. Commercial instmments using multiple diode lasers are available for NIR analyses of food and fuels. Because of the narrow emission lines from a laser system, laser sources are often used in dedicated applications for specific analytes. They can be ideal for process analysis and product quality control, for example, but are not as flexible in their applications as a continuous source or a tunable laser. 

Scintillation counters and germanium detectors are two types of sophisticated nuclear radiation detectors which depend upon the interaction of radiation with solid materials, such as Nal (Tl) crystals or germanium solid state diodes. They have the ability to distinguish the energies of the radiation and have a higher sensitivity to radiation than the materials discussed heretofore. They also require sophisticated instrumentation associated with their use and are expensive. 

Frequently dc generators have been used as sources of dc energy however, ac sources may be used and rectified by vacuum tube rectifier circuits or by use of high-current solid state diodes. A rectifier circuit for producing dc energy from an ac source is shown in Figure 5-7. The inductance in the primary circuit is a variable core reactor for current control. Numerous variations of this basic circuit are commercially available. A dc source such... 

K. M. Maness, R. H. Terrill, T. J. Meyer, R. W. Murray, R. M. Wightman, Solid-state diode-like chemiluminescence based on serial, immobilized concentration gradients in mixed-valent poly[Ru(vbpy)(3)](PFg)(2) Ulrns, Journal of the American Chemical Society 1996, 118, 10609. 

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