Solid features

Over the last few years, we have made a number of novel discoveries using reactive salt fluxes in the crystal growth experiment of mixed-metal oxides. The most important outcome that these salt-inclusion solids have demonstrated is the propensity for structure- directing effects of the employed salt. These hybrid solids have revealed fascinating solid-state structures ranging from nanoclusters to three-dimensional open frameworks of current interest. Solids featuring mag-... 

XPS has typically been regarded primarily as a surface characterization technique. Indeed, angle-resolved XPS studies can be very informative in revealing the surface structure of solids, as demonstrated for the oxidation of Hf(Sio.sAso.5)As. However, with proper sample preparation, the electronic structure of the bulk solid can be obtained. A useful adjunct to XPS is X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which probes the bulk of the solid. If trends in the XPS BEs parallel those in absorption energies, then we can be reasonably confident that they represent the intrinsic properties of the solid. Features in XANES spectra such as pre-edge and absorption edge intensities can also provide qualitative information about the occupation of electronic states. 

Hierarchical structures with pore—solid features that cover a wide size range within one structure, as seen in Figure 15, are achieved by carefully combin-... 

Solids are classified as crystalline solids or amorphous solids. Crystalline solids, such as an ice cube or a sodium chloride crystal, have a definite melting point. Amorphous solids, such as a chocolate bar or glass, get softer and softer as the temperature is raised. The structures of crystalline solids feature regularly repeating arrangements of the constituent particles. The structure of amorphous solids is not regular, but something like that of liquids sometimes, amorphous solids are called supercooled liquids. ... 

Figure 2 Experimental and theoretical complex moduli for two H-polymers of different molecular weights. Fitting parameters of Go and were consistent with literature values, the number of entanglements along arm and crossbar, s and S/, together with their polydispersities 8a and e determined by GPC and SALS. Theoretical curves accounting for polydispersity are dashed those without are solid. Feature arising from arm-retraction (mid-range) and cross-bar reptation (low frequency peak) are clear ...

The application of a classic method of size enlargement for the processing of nanoparticles, that is already in use since a time when nanotechnology was not even defined yet, shall be mentioned as a final example. It has been described above that nanosized solids feature an extremely low bulk density caused by their almost instantaneous adhesion and formation of loose floes. Such materials also tend to dusting and exhibit many other unfavorable characteristics. This is also true for industrial carbon black that has been produced in flame reactors for more than half a century... 

When a solid body is stressed, which requires the addition of energy from the outside, the tensions that are produced within stretch all bonds between the molecules. Theoretically, if the solid features an ideal structure with no imperfections and only tensile forces are applied, the bonds separate in a structural plane in which the load exceeds the bond strength and the solid splits cleanly into two parts. Then all other areas return to their equilibrium structure, and the unused energy is freed and converted into other forms kinetic and thermal energy and/or sound. 

When the solid feature dominates the mechanical response of a shear deformation, the shear stress cr is proportional to the shear strain y, and the proportionality coefficient is the shear modulus E. On the other hand, when the liquid feature dominates the response, the shear stress cr is proportional to the shear rate y, the proportionality coefficient is the shear viscosity 77. Maxwell equation of linear viscoelasticity can be applied to describe the continuous switching between the solid and the liquid (Maxwell 1867),... 

Crystalline soUd (8.2) Solid featuring regular, repeating geometric arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules. 

These comments apply to the case of solids with a so-called soft roughness, where the shape of the solid surface can be described in terms of a function that is continuously differentiable, such as a cosine. In other cases, the solid features discontinuous changes in slope. Profiles of this type are also capable of promoting the trapping of air pockets. To become convinced of this, one need only consider an isolated defect in the form of a slope discontinuity, as shown in Figure 9. 8. 

This class of solids features discrete molecules that are held together by rather weak intermolecular forces such as dipole-dipole, London Dispersion, and hydrogen... 

B-rep models are not feature-based. In order to convert a B-rep model into a feature-based solid model, the embedded solid features must be recognized, and a feature tree that... 

We selected five examples for hands-on evaluation, as listed in Table 3. Among the five examples, two are given as polygon meshes and the other three are point clouds. These five parts represent a broad range of applications. Parts like the block, tubing, and door lock are more traditional mechanical parts with regular solid features. In contrast, sheetmetal part (Model 3) is a formed part with large curvature, and the blade is basically a free-form object. 

Once the sketch profile is parameterized, it can be extruded to generate an extrusion feature for the base block (Fig. 18b). The same steps can be followed to create more solid features, and Boolean operations can be employed to union, subtract, or intersect solid features for a fully parameterized solid model. The final solid model is analyzed by using Accuracy... 

The same tubing example shown in Fig. 19 is employed to illustrate the capabilities offered in Wizard. We start with a polygon mesh that has been segmented, as shown in Fig. 19a. First, we select the exterior region of the main branch and choose Pipe Wizard. Rapidjbrm uses a best fit pipe surface to fit the main branch automatically, as shown in Fig. 19b. Note that the Pipe Wizard generates section profile and guide curve as spatial (non-planar) spline curves, which cannot be parameterized. Also, wall thickness has to be added to the p>ip)e to complete the solid feature. Next, we choose Revolution Wizard to create revolved features for the top and bottom flanges, as shown in Fig. 19c. Note that each individual features are extracted separately. They are not associated. Boolean operations must be applied to these decoupled features for a final solid model. 

Fig. 20. Gap and interference between solid features in the tubing model...

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