Solid bound catalysts

It is often the practice to include SLPC under inorganic solid-bound catalysts, but we prefer to consider it a separate class. 

Horn J, Michalek F, Tzschucke CC, Bannwarth W (2004) Non-Covalently Solid-Phase Bound Catalysts for Organic Synthesis. 242 43-75 Houseman BT, Mrksich M (2002) Model Systems for Studying Polyvalent Carbohydrate Binding Interactions. 218 1-44 Hricovinlova Z,see Petrus L (2001) 215 15-41... 

Phthalimide and N-alkyl-toluenesulfonamide salts are similarly alkylated, and can furthermore be cleaved to polymer-bound secondary and primary amines respectively (57). Potassium pyrrolidonide gives polymer-bound tertiary amide, of interest as a solid cosolvent catalyst ... 

Problems such as diffusional limitations and the analysis of catalyst composition occur with solid-phase catalysts. Much work has been done on diffusion in bound enzymes (for reviews, see 24 and 88). In our work we used ninhydrin, which is a reagent ideal for surface analysis amino acid analysis is used wherever possible. Amine depletion as followed by ninhydrin is not exact, but some quantitative guides are obtained. Certainly synthetic catalysts must be made with bonds other than amide bonds and components other than those compounds that are detectable on the amino acid analyzer. 

Solid-Phase Bound Catalysts Properties and Applications... 

I 4 Solid-Phase Bound Catalysts Properties and Applications 4.3.1.1 Oxidation of Alcohols... 

Scheme 4.35 Multifunctional properties of solid-phase-bound catalysts.

In many supported catalytic systems, it is nearly impossible to determine either the specific species, responsible for the observed catalytic activity, or the mechanistic pathway of the reaction. Using a defined SAM system in which careful molecular design is followed by controlled deposition into a solid-supported catalyst of known morphology, surface coverage, mode of binding and molecular orientation, allows direct correlation of an observed catalytic activity with the structure on the molecular scale. SAM and LB-systems allow detailed and meaningful studies of established surface bound catalysts to understand their behavior in heterogeneous... 

A number of modified reaction conditions have been developed. One involves addition of silver salts, which activate the halide toward displacement.94 Use of sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst permits especially mild conditions to be used for many systems.95 Tetraalkylammonium salts often accelerate reaction.96 Solid-phase catalysts in which the palladium is complexed by polymer-bound phosphine groups have also been developed.97 Aryl chlorides are not very reactive under normal Heck reaction conditions, but reaction can be achieved by inclusion of triphenylphosphonium salts with Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2 as the catalyst.98... 

The nucleophilic displacement reaction of benzyl chloride with solid potassium acetate in various solvents under solid/solid/liquid conditions was faster with the polymer-bound catalyst 57 than with the soluble analog 58 181) (See Eq. (13)). 

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