Solar radiation Solid’ system

Fig. 4.5. Conversion efficiency r) of a 2-level system for monochromatic solar radiation of photon energy Ttu> from the non-concentrated AMO spectrum (solid line) and for maximum concentration (dashed line)...

We have studied basic definitions in chemistry, and we have examined the properties of gases, liquids, solids, and solutions. We have discussed chemical bonding and intermolecular forces and seen how chemical kinetics and chemical equilibrium concepts help us understand the nature of chemical reactions. It is appropriate at this stage to apply our knowledge to the study of one extremely important system the atmosphere. Although Earth s atmosphere is fairly simple in composition, its chemistry is very complex and not fully understood. The chemical processes that take place in our atmosphere are induced by solar radiation, but they are intimately connected to natural events and human activities on Earth s surface. 

Press ( 3) makes a similar approximation, comparing the closed system available energy of a volume of radiation in a cone compared to that in a full spherical space. His results translated into flux terms indicate that approximately 38% of the available energy flux in a solar solid angle is retained if the energy is uniformly scattered over a full 4vsolid angle. 

Water is a strange creature. It is the only substance on our planet that exists in solid, liquid and gaseous states at the same time under the normal range of temperatures and pressures we experience. As mentioned earlier, the Sun radiates the vital energies throughout our Solar System. This Universal Fire of life is one of the alchemist s Secret Fires. As this spiritual fire hits our atmosphere, it condenses in the air and is carried by it. As the air fills with moisture, the Universal Fire condenses even further and moves into the water. The water gathers and it starts to rain. 

UV-field and the formation of the solar system, it is difficult to imagine how amino acids, which were shown to be destroyed by UV radiation 43 could have been incorporated intact into asteroids (the parent bodies of the meteorites). It is more likely that either simple interstellar precursors, such as the starting compounds for the Strecker synthesis, or a complex and heterogeneous macromolecular material formed in the gas and/or solid phases in the ISM that served as starting material for the secondary processing that inevitably occurred on the meteorite parent body. 

Water is abundant on our planet, distinguishing Earth from all other planets in the solar system. More than 97% of Earth s water is in the oceans, with 2.1% in the polar ice caps and 0.6% in aquifers. The atmosphere contains only about one part in a hundred thousand (0.001%) of Earth s available water. However, the transport and phase distribution of this relatively small amount of water (estimated total liquid equivalent volume of 13,000 km3) are some of the most important features of Earth s climate. The existence of varying pressures and temperatures in the atmosphere and at the Earth s surface causes water to constantly transfer among its gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Clouds, fogs, rain, dew, and wet aerosol particles represent different forms of that water. Aqueous atmospheric particles play a major role in atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric radiation, and atmospheric dynamics. 

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