Soils organochlorine residues

Suzuki, M., Yamato, Y., and Watanabe, T. Residue in soil, organochlorine insecticide residues in field soils of the Kita Kyusha District - Japan 1970-1974, Pestic. Monitor. J., 11 88-93, 1977. 

Thao, V.D., Kawano, M., Tatsukawa, R., 1993. Persistent organochlorine residues in soils from tropical and sub-tropical asian countries. Environ. Pollut. 81(1), 61. 

Figure 11.5. Comparison of organochlorine residue levels in soils from different countries in the world.

Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ueda, K., Tatsukawa, R., 1995. Persistent organochlorine residues in air, water, sediments and soils from the lake Baikal region, Russia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 792-801. 

Lee, D.B., Prudente, M.S., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., 1997. Organochlorine residues in soils and sediments from Manila and nearby provinces, Philippines. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 60, 171-181. 

The above brief review illustrates that chemical derivatization techniques have been used extensively for the confirmation of identity of organochlorine residues. In most instances, the lower limits of detectability of the derivatives are substantiaUy lower than the established tolerance values for the parent compounds. Taken in conjunction with the many other modes of derivatization—e.g., during or after gas chromatography (59)— the analyst has a vast array of modification procedures at hand to aid in residue identification. They can be employed for residues in soil, biological, fat, and nonfat extracts and can be successfuUy extended, especially the more specific tests, to the identification of crosscontaminants in pesticide formulations and also fertilizer mixtures. So far, these latter two cases have only been a fringe area of application (60,61). 

Carey AE, Wiersma GB, Tai H, et al. 1973. Pesticides in soil. Organochlorine pesticide residues in soils and crops of the corn belt region. United States, 1970. Pestic Monit J 6 369-376. 

Wells, D.E., and S.J. Johnstone. 1978. The occurrence of organochlorine residues in rainwater. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 9 271-280. 

SFE. SFE has been established as the extraction method of choice for solid samples. The usefulness of SFE for soil samples has been demonstrated for carbamate,organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides. However, SFE is more effective in extracting nonpolar than polar residues. In order to obtain a greater extraction efficiency for the polar residues of imidacloprid, the addition of 20% methanol as modifier is required. Extraction at 276 bar and 80 °C with a solvent consisting of supercritical carbon dioxide modified with methanol (5%) for 40 min gives a recovery of 97% (RSD = 3.6%, n = 10). It is possible to use process-scale SFE to decontaminate pesticide residues from dust waste. ... 

McMurdo CJ, Ellis DA, Webster E, Butler J, Christensen RD, Reid LK (2008) Aerosol enrichment of the surfactant PFO and mediation of the water - Air transport of gaseous PFOA. Environ Sci Technol 42(11) 3969-3974, DOI 10.1021/es7032026 Meijer SN, Halsall CJ, Hamer T, Peters A, Ockenden WA, Johnston AE, Jones KC (2001) Organochlorine pesticide residues in archived UK soil. Environ Sci Technol 35 1989-1995... 

Lang, J.T., L.L. Rodriguez, and J.M. Livingston. 1979. Organochlorine pesticide residues in soils from six... 

Qin BH, Yu BB, Zhang Y, Lin XC. Residual analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil by gas chromatograph-electron capture detector (gc-ecd) and gas chromatograph-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). Environ. Forensics 2009 10 331-335. 

Bottom soil is quite different from soil on land, particularly if it is collected from an anaerobic zone. Bottom soil specimens also have varying composition. The presence of elementary sulphur and organic compounds of sulphur greatly complicates analysis of the residual organochlorine... 

McDougall KW, Singh G, Harris CR, et al. 1987. Organochlorine insecticide residues in some agricultural soils on the north coast region of New South Wales. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 39 286- 293. 

Park, C.K., Ma, Y.S., 1982. Organochlorine pesticide residues in agricultural soils-1981. Korean J. Environ. Agric. (in Korean) 1, 1-13. 

Feng, K., Yu, B.Y., et al., 2003. Organochlorine pesticide (DDT and HCH) residues in the Taiu Lake region and its movement in soil-water systems I. Field survey of DDT and HCH residues in ecosystems of the region. Chemosphere 50, 683-687. 

Gong, Z.M., Cao, J., et al., 2002a. Organochlorine pesticide residues in agricultural soil from Tianjin. Agro-environ. Protect. (Chinese) 21, 459-461. 

Niu, S., Zhou, Y.M., et al., 1991. Report on determining residues of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables and soils in Shengyang City. J. Shengyang Agricultural Univ. (Chinese) 22, 140-144. 

Agnihotri, N.P., Kulshrestha, G., Gajbhiya, V.T., Mahopatra, S.P., Sing, S.B., 1996. Organochlorine insecticide residues in agricultural soils of the Indogangetic plain. Environ. Monit. Assess. 40, 279-288. 

Figure 11.3. Residue concentrations of persistent organochlorines in soils from open dumping sites and rural areas (control sites) in Hanoi and Hochiminh City, the two biggest cities in Vietnam.

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