Software efficiency calibration

ICP-MS can provide semiquantitative analysis for about 70 elements by using element response functions built into the instrument software and calibration of only a few elements [205,206]. Most elements are more than 90% ionized in the ICP (with the exception of elements with ionization potentials greater than about 8 eV). Ion transmission efficiency is a smooth function of mass. The natural isotopic abundances of the elements are well known. Therefore, it is possible to predict the relative sensitivities of the elements and any isobaric overlaps. 

A Canberra well-detector system using Fitzpeaks gamma spectrometry software was used to determine caesium-137 activities in all sample fractions. Variations in sample height arising from small sample masses were corrected for where appropriate. The detector efficiency calibration was determined using an NPL mixed gamma standard spiked into a sand matrix (Croudace 1991). 

The instructions with the software packages indicate how to determine / and a, how to measure the parameters of the efficiency calibration of the detector and convert it to specific counting geometries, and how to convert the peak areas into the mass firactions of the elements. The software packages have libraries of ko values, Qo values, mean resonance energies, half-lives, decay types, and the details of the decay schemes needed for true coincidence summing calculations. 

Arnold, D. and Sima, O. (2004). Extension of the efficiency calibration of germanium detectors using the GESPECOR software, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 61, 117-121. 

The option of efficiency calibration is usually not available on simple emulator programs and until recently was restricted to off-line analysis packages. More recent software, such as Genie 2000, GammaVision and Fitzpeaks, provide online efficiency calibration facilities within the overall acquisition/analysis package. Regardless of which of the many mathematical functions the analyst might choose to fit to the data, the spectrum analyst is constrained by the choice of functions provided within... 

LABSOCS LABoratory SOurceless Calibration Software -commercial computer prt ram for estimating activities in a labtnatory environment without source-based efficiency calibration. 

The interface provides efficient transfer of samples into the Merlin, and, most importantly, a rapid flush-out there is no hold up of mercury (which is a feature of the commonly used atomic absorption techniques). To aid the transfer of mercury vapour, the tin(II) chloride regime is used, together with a gas/liquid separator designed for this task. Mercury is sparged from the reaction vessel into the Merlin Detector. Full automation is provided by using a simple standard DIO card fitted into an IBM compatible computer system with the PSA Touchstone software. This is an easy-to-use menu-driven system which controls the modules used in the instrumentation, calibrates the system, collects, collates and reprints the results, and which finks to host computer systems. 

The calibration of more sophisticated apparatus has also been fated with additional problems arising from the difficulty of directly reaching the actual measured values. The software which so efficiently transforms the data can give rise to concern as to what has happened between the transducer and the final output. As mentioned earlier, the software itself requires verification which is often not an easy task. 

The process model can be obtained by different forms, and in bioprocesses mass balance equations canprovide much information. However, in order to have efficient process models and software sensors, a previous adjustment of the model is necessary using on-line data collected from a plant under different operational conditions. This databank is important to guarantee that the model remains calibrated and represents the plant adequately. Some requisites are indispensable for the experimental implementation of models in software sensors response speed to disturbances in the system and appropriate inference of primary variables of interest during key points of the process. 

Application of the CN2003 software to evaluate the suitability of proxy radionuclides for LSC calibration in the absence of certified radionuclide standards is also of considerable benefit. Comparison of predicted efficiency curves for confirms... 

Thus, the SEC data obtained from its LS detector determine the MWD, whereas the VISC detector characterizes conformation and branching. The efficiency of SEC is a consequence of no column calibration requirement for the determination of M and MWD. The precision of the system is limited only by the signal-to-noise ratios of the LS and RI detectors, not by chromatographic variables such as flow rate and column retention. Sophisticated software is required to display the SEC picture of molecular structure. 

The details of the north super block of Tehran natural gas network are imported in the software and the model of the network is constructed. Fig. 4 shows the complicated model constructed in the soflware for the north super block of Tehran gas network. To construct the network in the software the pipe, block valve, supply and deUvery tools are used. However, the gas equation, state equation, pipe roughness and pipe efficiency are determined after model calibration (section 5). 

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