Software-based technique transformation techniques

The result from the use of hybrid techniques is high efficiency, since they can provide a high level of confiability while minimizing the introduced overhead. They also offer low development time (from the software-based techniques) and small performance degradation (from the hardware-based techniques). As drawbacks, they requite the application source code (in order to transform it), which is not always available, and require changes, at least, in the system s architecture. 

In the following sections, we will present the HPCT tool to automatically transform program codes into hardened ones, two known software-based techniques, called Variables and Inverted Branches, and three novel hybrid techniques to detect transient faults in embedded processors, named PODER, OCFCM, and HETA, combined with the previous known software-based techniques. 

Hybrid Error-detection Technique using Assertions (HETA) is the third and final hybrid technique presented in this book. It was initially based in the CEDA software-based technique and its abiUty to efiSciently detect control flow errors between different BBs, and PODER and its ability to detect control flow errors inside the same BB. HETA is aimed at both FPGAs and ASICs, since it implements a non-intrasive hardware module combined with transformation rules on the program code. 

CFD-based techniques date back to the early 1960s, and the first commercial CFD software became available in the early 1980s. Since then, research and development into CFD has transformed the techniques from a theoretical approach... 

Software-based program code transformation it is rrsed to corrligirre the OCF-CMs and perform small transfomratiorrs in the program code, if necessary. Also, other software-based techniques are rrsed to complemerrt OCFCM s detection capabilities. 

The software-based side on OCFCM is responsible for choosing which module will be active (when using a set of OCFCM) and performing the transformation on the software that implements the Inverted Branches software-based technique. It also has to guarantee that the program code does not use jumps with dynamic destina-... 

Obtaining Eft), t, and of from experimental tracer data involves determining areas under curves defined continuously or by discrete data. The most sophisticated approach involves die use of E-Z Solve or equivalent software to estimate parameters by nonlinear regression. In this case, standard techniques are required to transform experimental concentration versus time data into Eft) or F(t) data the subsequent parameter estimation is based on nonlinear regression of these data using known expressions for Eft) and F t) (developed in Section 19.4). In the least sophisticated approach, discrete data, generated directly from experiment or obtained from a continuous response curve, are... 

One of the most commonly used direct methods for additive analysis in polymers is based on infrared spectroscopy [4]. With the advent of Fourier transform infrared spectrometers (FTTR) and the development of sophisticated quantitative software programs, direct in-situ analysis of antioxidants is a well established technique. 

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