Sodium tripolyphosphate , zeolite

Soaps, silicon oils, paraffins Fatty acid amides Sodium tripolyphosphate Zeolite 4A Sodium carbonate Sodium citrate Sodium perborate... 

FIG. 8.13 Sequestration of water hardness ions by detergent builders. Sodium polyacrylate Mw = 170,000, STPP (sodium tripolyphosphate), NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid), EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid), sodium citrate, CMOS (sodium carboxymethoxysucci-nate), sodium carbonate, zeolite A. (Reproduced from Nagarajan, M.K., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 62, 949, 1985. With permission.)... 

The search for sodium tripolyphosphate substitutes in the 1970s resulted in other candidate builder systems besides zeolite A. One of these is zeolite P, which is also known as zeolite MAP (it is a P-type zeolite having maximum aluminium content) and zeolite A24. It was not before the early 1990s that it became commercially available under the brand name Doucil 24 [66,143]. 

Builders Reduce water hardness to allow better surfactant performance may provide a good level of alkalinity for cleaning may assist with suspending and preventing soil redeposition Sodium tripolyphosphate Sodium citrate Sodium carbonate Zeolite Nitroltriacetic acid (NTA) Citric acid Tartrate succinate ... 

The builders include complexing agents such as sodium tripolyphosphate, ion exchangers such as Zeolite A, and washing alkalines such as sodium carbonate and sodium orthosilicate. 

Carbonates. Carbonates are being used because of the restriction in the use of phosphates in certain areas of the United States. Sodium carbonate (Na2C03) or a combination of Na2COa and zeolite has replaced sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) as a builder in granular laundry products [3]. 

Ferch and Leonhardt [2] have made a comparison of the antifoam effects of blends of sodium tallow (C,6-C,g) and behenic (C20-C22) soaps on a wash cycle at a water hardness of 2.85 mM. A detergent powder formulated with a mixture of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and non-ionic surfactants was used together with a mixture of zeolite and sodium tripolyphosphate as builder. The resulting foam profiles are shown in Figure 8.4. An initial foam peak at the low temperature start of the wash... 

These normally contain anionic and nonionic surfactants, builders (such as sodium tripolyphosphate, acrylate polymers or copolymers, or sodium carbonate), ion exchangers (such as polyacrylic acid or zeolite), corrosion inhibitor (sodium silicate), processing aids, antiredeposition agent (such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose), whitener or optical brightener (stilbene derivative), dye, and perfume. They may also contain bleach (sodium perborate or percarbonate), enzymes (a protease and/or an amylase), foam suppressor, filler/processing aid (sodium sulfate), fabric softener (quaternary ammonium salt immobilized on a clay), and solubilizer. The surfactant concentration of a heavy duty powder is in... 

A combination of builders including sodium carbonate (NajCOj) and zeolites have replaced tripolyphosphate in U.S. laundry formulations. 

Builders are used to enhance the performance of the surfactant system, using several different mechanisms. Probably the most important functions of a builder system are to reduce the deleterious effects of water hardness, to provide an alkaline buffer, and to prevent soil redeposition. Until about 15 years ago, all the builder systems were based on sodium phosphates (pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate). Due to eutrophication of lakes and rivers, phosphate levels were regulated and, in some countries, totally banned. As a result, different builder systems were developed, based on zeolites and citrate with acrylic acid polymers and copolymers. 

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