Sodium physical constants

Table 20. Physical Constants of Pure Sodium Hydroxide ...

Schimmel Co. attempted to acetylise the alcohol by means of acetic anhydride, but the reaction product only showed 5 per cent, of ester, which was not submitted to further examination. The bulk of the alcohol had been converted into a hydrocarbon, with loss of water. Ninety per cent, formic acid is most suitable for splitting off water. Gne hundred grams of the sesquiterpene alcohol were heated to boiling-point with three times the quantity of formic acid, well shaken, and, after cooling, mixed with water. The layer of oil removed from the liquid was freed fi-om resinous impurities by steam-distillation, and then fractionated at atmo.spheric pressure. It was then found to consist of a mixture of dextro-rotatory and laevo-rotatory hydrocarbons. By repeated fractional distillation, partly in vacuo, partly at ordinary pressure, it was possible to separate two isomeric sesquiterpenes, which, after treatment with aqueous alkali, and distillation over metallic sodium, showed the following physical constants —... 

Wiggins57" reported that the physical constants of a product that he had obtained from l,2 5,6-di-0-isopropylidene-3,4-di-0-p-tolylsul-fonyl-D-mannitol by deacetalation with 70% acetic acid followed by acetylation and saponification with sodium methoxide were those of l,4 3,6-dianhydro-D-iditol. Tipson and Cohen576 have presented evi-... 

To the reaction mixture is then added an equal volume of cold water. The resultant red oil is separated by decantation, washed repeatedly with water, and finally dried with sodium sulfate. After filtration, 23 gm of product is obtained (yield 90%). No physical constants for the product have been reported, presumably because of decomposition near the boiling point. 

Isomerization of this cyclic disulfide (see above) affords the 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine (159), also obtainable directly from sodium methyl dithiocarbamate by conveying the wet, finely powdered salt under oxidative conditions through a pneumatic dryer.166 The production of alkyl (and phenyl) homologs by this procedure is claimed in the patent literature,166 but no physical constants are given. It is recalled that the isomerization 158->159 had previously been thought to be confined to the methyl homologs.160,164... 

In the n-d-M method use is made of three physical constants, namely the refractive index n (measured for the sodium D-line), the density d in g/ml and the molecular weight M, for the determination of the composition of mineral oil fractions. 

Colloidal potassium has recently been proved as a more active reducer than the same metal that has been conventionally powdered by means of shaking it in hot octane (Luche et al. 1984 Chou You 1987 Wang et al. 1994). In order to prepare colloidal potassium, a piece of this metal in dry toluene or xylene under an argon atmosphere is submitted to ultrasonic irradiation at ca. 10°C. A silvery blue color is rapidly developed, and in a few minutes the metal disappears. A common cleaning bath (e.g., Sonoclean, 35 kHz) filled with water and crushed ice can be used. A very fine suspension of potassium is thus obtained that settles very slowly on standing. In THF, the same method did not work. Attempts to disperse lithium in THF or toluene or xylene were unsuccessful, whereas sodium was dispersed in xylene but not in THF or toluene (Luche et al. 1984). Ultrasonic waves interact with the metal via their cavitational effects (see Section 5.2.4). These effects are closely related to the physical constants of the medium, such as vapor pressure, viscosity, and sur-... 

Panormow81 claimed to have prepared a solid fructose pentabenzoate, m. p. 78-79°, by the reaction of benzoyl chloride with fructose in aqueous sodium hydroxide. In a similar way Skraup82 claimed to have obtained two tetrabenzoates, one m. p. 85° and the other m. p. 108°. The purity of these three substances is open to question no further physical constants are given and their existence has not since been confirmed. 

The refractive index of a transparent substance is the ratio of the velocity of light in air to its velocity in that material under like conditions. It is equal to the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence made by a ray in air to the sine of the angle of refraction made by the ray in the material being tested. The refractive index values specified in this Codex are for the D line of sodium (589 nm) unless otherwise specified. The determination should be made at the temperature specified in the individual monograph, or at 25° if no temperature is specified. This physical constant is used as a means for identification of, and detection of impurities in, volatile oils and other liquid substances. The Abbe refractometer, or other refractometers of equal or greater accuracy, may be employed at the discretion of the operator. 

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA) Physical Properties Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, mol wt 39.998, is a brittle, white, translucent crystalline solid. Because of its corrosive action on all human body tissue, it is also known as caustic soda. Physical properties of the pure material are noted in Table 20. Sodium hydroxide is produced and shipped in the anhydrous state in the form of solid cakes, flakes, or beads, but is used in solution (4). Properties of aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions relevant to industrial operations are available from manufacturers and in handbooks (79). Table 21 lists the significant uses. Table 20. Physical Constants of Pure Sodium Hydroxide ... 

Improved procedures have been described, involving the addition of nitrosyl chloride in liquid sulfur dioxide4, or the use of ethyl nitrite and sulfuric acid in ethanol/water40, but the physical constants of the product were not reported. By using sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid in isopropyl alcohol/water at <10 C the crude product was obtained in high yield (80%)41. The H-NMR spectrum in another report indicated that the crude product, similarly prepared in 40-52% yield, was a mixture of diastereomers in an unspecified ratio30. 

The 4,6-0-benzylidene acetal of methyl a-D-galactopyranoside was prepared over 50 years ago by using henzaldehyde and sodium sulfate at 150°. The discrepancies between the physical constants which appeared in the literature for this acetal were resolved by Bell and Greville, who established that the compound has m.p. 168-170° and [ajn 4-142° (CHCU). The suspicion of diastereoisomerism was therefore dismissed. The 4,6-0-benzylidene acetal of methyl a-D-galactopyranoside has been described. Some interconversions of these benzylidene acetals into other sugar derivatives are described later (see p. 260). 

The physical constants of fiancine were reported in Volume VI (p. 403). A more recent reported has revised the specific rotation to +75° in CHCI3 and included an 0-acetyl hydroperchlorate derivative (mp 224°-226° decomp.). When treated with sodium and w-amyl alcohol, fiancine affords haemultine, and the alkaloid is considered an ar-methoxy derivative of CLXXXII 24). 

Attention may be drawn to a useful and extensive review of the alkaloids of Alstonia venenata, which include a number of derivatives of aspidospermidine and vincadifformine. Three new alkaloids, echitoveniline (181), 11-methoxy-echitoveniline (182), and 11-methoxyechitovenidine (183), occur in the fruits of this plant, although the leaves are a better source of (182). In consonance with these structures, ester exchange with sodium methoxide affords (-)-mino-vincinine (184) [from (181)] and (-)-l 1-methoxyminovincinine (185) [from (182) and (183)], whose physical constants show excellent agreement with those reported for (19/ )-(184) and (19/ )-(185). 

AU physical constants of sodium and parameters of the EAM model that we use are given in [85]. Compared to the slightly later version of the EAM also due to Chantasiriwan et al. [87], we found the earlier version to give more accurate results for the systems of our interest. However, in the process of an unbiased structure optimization, we encountered problems for structures with atoms at (unphysically) short interatomic distances. In order to remove these, it was necessary to add an extra, repulsive, short-ranged potential. 

Purely aromatic ethers e.g., diphenyl ether), which are commonly encountered, are very hmited in number. Most of the aromatic ethers are of the mixed aliphatic - aromatic type. They are not attacked by sodium nor by dilute acids or alkahs. When hquid, the physical proper-ties (b.p., d . and ) are useful constants to assist in their identification. Three important procedures are available for the characterisation of aromatic ethers. 

The physical properties of cyanoacetic acid [372-09-8] and two of its ester derivatives are Hsted ia Table 11 (82). The parent acid is a strong organic acid with a dissociation constant at 25°C of 3.36 x 10. It is prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium cyanide. It is hygroscopic and highly soluble ia alcohols and diethyl ether but iasoluble ia both aromatic and aUphatic hydrocarbons. It undergoes typical nitrile and acid reactions but the presence of the nitrile and the carboxyUc acid on the same carbon cause the hydrogens on C-2 to be readily replaced. The resulting malonic acid derivative decarboxylates to a substituted acrylonitrile ... 

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