Sodium-manganese-

The ash content is 0.2—0.5% by weight for temperate woods and 0.5—2.0% by weight for tropical woods. The principal elemental components of wood ash are calcium and potassium with lesser amounts of magnesium, sodium, manganese, and iron. Carbonate, phosphate, sUicate, oxalate, and sulfate are likely anions. Some woods, especiaUy from the tropics, contain significant amounts of sUica. 

How to Solve the Deactivation Problem. Solutions to the deactivation problem are difficult. The patent literature (42) has claims that either sodium, manganese or phosphorous added to alumina prevents deactivation by silica. In addition, removal of matrix silica from cracking catalyst formulations should prevent further deactivation because zeolitic silica, as we have shown, migrates more slowly. There is at least one patent relating to very high alumina matrix cracking catalysts (43). Another solution is to use more active SOx catalysts such as magnesia-based materials. 

Mehlich, A.. 1978. New extractant for soil test evaluation of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, manganese and zinc. Communications in Soil and Plant Analysis 9 455 76. 

In Figure 13 the Earth s mantle seems to extend the trend of the moderately volatile elements to lower abundances, at least for sodium, manganese, and zinc (zinc behaves as a lithophile element in the Earth s mantle (see Dreibus and Palme, 1996)). The elements lithium, potassium, and rubidium which are not plotted here, show similar trends. The carbonaceous chondrite trend of iron is not extended to the Earth, as most of the iron of the Earth is in the core. The magnesium abundance of the Earth shows a slightly different trend. If the core had 5% silicon (previous section) and if that would be added to the bulk Earth silicon, then the bulk Mg/Si ratio of the Earth would be the same as that of carbonaceous chondrites (Eigure 10) and the silicon abundance of the Earth s mantle in Figure 13 would coincide with the magnesium abundance. 

Most studies involving Bacillus have been concerned with determining the macro constituent metals of the cells and spores with most of the attention directed towards establishing whether these metals are involved or required for sporulation. These studies have shown that the following metals are found in either the cells or spores calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, iron, aluminum, copper, and zinc (5). 

C. Neutron-Induced Activity. If nuclei capture neutrons when exposed to neutron radiation, they will, as a rule, become radioactive and then decay by emission of beta and gamma radiation over an extended period of time. Neutrons emitted as part of the initial nuclear radiation will cause activation of the weapon residues and environmental material, such as soil, air, and water. For example, a small area around ground zero may become hazardous as a result of exposure of the minerals in the soil to initial neutron radiation, due principally to neutron capture by sodium, manganese, aluminum, and silicon in the soil. This is a negligible hazard because of the limited area involved. 

SCHEME 27.21 Benzene dideprotometalation using a sodium-manganese base. 

Wang, D., Rosynek, M. and Lunsford, J. (1995). Oxidative Coupling of Methane over Oxide-Supported Sodium-Manganese Catalysts, J. Catal, 155, pp. 390-402. 

Wang D, Rosynek MP, Lunsford JH (1995) Oxidative coupling of methane over oxide-supported sodium-manganese catalysts. J Catal 155 390 02... 

Some elements such as arsenic, sodium, manganese, and cobalt are monoisotopic, meaning they only have one stable isotope. Other elements, which have multiple isotopes, usually have constant isotopic abundances of each isotope. The exceptions are elements such as lead, which have one or more isotopes that are the decay products of other precursor elements that are radioactive. The isotopic abundances of these elements will vary depending on the concentration and history of the concomitant radioactive elements. 

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