Sodium «-alkylsulfates

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used class of surfactant. Anionic surfactants include sulfates such as sodium alkylsulfate and the homologous ethoxylated versions and sulfonates, eg, sodium alkylglycerol ether sulfonate and sodium cocoyl isethionate. Nonionic surfactants are commonly used at low levels ( 1 2%) to reduce soap scum formation of the product, especially in hard water. These nonionic surfactants are usually ethoxylated fatty materials, such as H0CH2CH20(CH2CH20) R. These are commonly based on triglycerides or fatty alcohols. Amphoteric surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine and cocoamphoacetate, are more recent surfactants in the bar soap area and are typically used at low levels (<2%) as secondary surfactants. These materials can have a dramatic impact on both the lathering and mildness of products (26). 

A suspension of the powdered 1 1 inclusion compound of (-)-l and 2a (3.21 g) in water (120 mL) containing sodium alkylsulfate as a surfactant was irradiated for 12 h while being stirred at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered to give crude crystals and an aqueous solution. The crude crystals were purified by column chromatography on silica gel followed by recrystallization from AcOEt to give (+)-3a of 98% ee (0.42 g, 59% yield) and recovered (-)-l (0.24 g, 25% yield). 

P.L. Bolden, J.C. Hoskins and A.D. King, Jr., The solubility of gases in solutions containing sodium alkylsulfates of various chain lengths, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 91 (1983) 454-463. 

The type of molecular information that can be obtained from measurements of the fast relaxation time is illustrated in Table 5.1 where data for a series of sodium alkylsulfates are presented. One can see that for micelles of short-chain surfactants,... 

Acrylanilides also undergo this photoinduced process the reaction can occur either in the solid state or in aqueous suspension. In this way, optically active photoproducts can be obtained by irradiating prochiral substrates in the presence of optically active partners (1 1 complexes) (see Scheme 9.27). The substrate is highly oriented and immobilized in the chiral environment. Although photocyclization in the solid state takes a long time (close to 150 h), the photoreaction of a powdered complex in a water suspension containing sodium alkylsulfate as a surfactant proceeds more efficiently (less than 50h) [40],... 

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate occurs as small, white or light yellow crystals. It is a mixture of sodium alkylsulfates consisting chiefly of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate [CH3(CH2)ioCH2OS03Na]. One gram dissolves in 10 mL of water, forming an opalescent solution. 

A suspension of powdered 1 1 inclusion complex of 88a with 2c (3.21 g) in water (120 ml) containing sodium alkylsulfate as a surfactant was irradiated under stirring at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to give optically active 89a in the optical and chemical yields indicated in Table 15-21 [49]. From aqueous solution, additional (+)-89a was isolated (Table 15-21). By the same procedure, 88b and 88c gave optically active 89b and 89c, respectively (Table 15-21) [49]. However, 88d was inert to irradiation in its inclusion crystal with 2c. 

Fig. 5 Residence time 7r of surfactants in micelles. Variation with the carbon number m of the surfactant alkyl chain for sodium alkylsulfates (A), potassium alkylcarboxylates (O).and alkylpyridinium chlorides ( ). Reproduced from Ref. [26].

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used class of surfactant. Anionic surfactants include sulfates such as sodium alkylsulfate and the homologous ethoxylated versions, sodium monoglycerol sulfate, and also the sulfonates, e.g., sodium alkylglycerol ether sulfonate and sodium cocoyl isethionate. 

Data for many other surfactants have been reported sodium alkylsulfates ° ° sodimn hexylsrdfate and hexylammonium chloride in brine solution i octylam-monium chloride, octyltrimethylammonium chloride and bromide, and sodium and potassium capiylates sodium /j-(l-propylnonyl)benzenesulfonate ii dode-cylp5rridinium chloride and bromide heptylammo-nium chloride nonionic surfactants C ,H2 ,+i (OCHgCHglnOH with various m and n values perfluorinated anionic surfactants and cationic surfactants with a perfluoroalkylcarboxylate counterion. Some of these data must be reanalyzed using Equation 3.9 or, if the required data are available, Equation 3.16, in order to extract meaningful rate constants. 

Most studies dealt with the kinetics of micelle forma-tion/breakdown in systems containing PVP or PEO and sodium alkylsulfates and were performed using jump methods (T-jump or p-jump).232-23s [ Qf these studies, the... 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium alkylsulfate Ionic Nature Anionic Uses Surfactant Properties Paste Sabosol LNS 30 [Sabo SpA]... 

Vollhardt, D., G. Czichocki, Traces of alcohols in sodium alkylsulfates, Tenside, Surfactants, Deterg., 1993,50, 349 355. 

Within a given surfactant class, it is usually found that materials with high erne s produce latexes with larger particle sizes and broader size distributions. For example, the particle sizes of polyethylacrylate latexes prepared with sodium alkylsulfates ranged from 500 nm for the octyl to 50 nm for the dodecyl surfactant. No similar trend was found for nonionic POE surfactants as a fimetion of POE chain length. 

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