Snuff, carcinogenicity

Hoffmann, D. Adams, J.D. Carcinogenic Tobacco Specific N-Nitrosamines in Snuff and in the Saliva of Snuff Dippers. Submitted. 

A new approach to the analysis of the carcinogenic TSNA in moist snuff tobacco is based on SFE with methanol-modified carbon dioxide. Extracted TSNA are trapped across a glass cartridge filled with Tenax GR, from which they are subsequently released by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary GC-TEA LOD was <2 ng/g. The technique is fast, reproducible, highly selective and sensitive617. SFE with carbon dioxide was also used in the analysis of TSNA in smokeless tobacco. It revealed the presence of higher levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone (300) than had been determined earlier by conventional methods618. 

Hoffmann D, Djordjevic MV, Fan J, Zang E, Glynn T, Connolly GN (1995) Five leading U.S. commercial brands in moist snuff in 1994 assessment of carcinogenic V-nitrosamines. J Natl Cancer Inst 87 1862-1869... 

A tribute to Ernst L. Wynder. Chem Res Toxicol 14 767-790 Idris AM, Nair J, Oshima H, Friesen M, Bronet I, Faustman EM, Bartsch H (1991) Unusually high levels of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Sudan snuff (toombak). Carcinogenesis 12 1115-1118... 

A bit later in eighteenth century London, snuff users were observed to have an abnormally high frequency of nasal cancer thus, the earliest evidence that tobacco is carcinogenic is more than 200 years old ... 

Toxic and carcinogenic agents in dry NT610 and moist snuff. J Nat Cancer Inst 1987 79(6) 1281-1286. 

There is sufficient evidence that the ingestion use of snuff, chewing tobacco, and tobacco mixed with lime is carcinogenic to humans. Evidence suggests that the ingestion use of other smokeless tobacco preparations and the nasal use of snuff are... 

Hoffmann, D. Snuff found to contain high concentrations of carcinogens Oncol. Times (1986) 544. 

Hoffmaim, D. and J.D. Adams Carcinogenic tobacco-specific V-nitrosamines in snuff and in the saliva of snuff dippers Cancer Res. 41 (1981) 4305 308. 

Hoffmann, D., K.D. Brunnemann, and S. Venitt Carcinogenic nitrosamines in oral snuff Lancet (1988) 1232. 

Hoffmann, D., M.V. Djordjevic, J. Fan, E. Zang, T. Glynn, and G.N. Connolly Five leading U.S. commercial brands of moist snuff in 1994 Assessment of carcinogenic A-nitrosamines J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87 (1995) 1862-1869. 

Hofimann, D. et al. 1986. Carcinogenic agents in snuff Journal of the National Cancer Institute 76(3) 435—437. 

All tobacco products, including snuff, contain toxic heavy metals and many carcinogenic substances. The concentrations of heavy metals in Indian snuff samples is significantly much less compared to those in snuff samples from South Africa and U.S.A. ... 

Hoffmann D, Adams JD, Lisk D, Fisenne I, Brunnemann KD (1987) Toxic and carcinogenic agents in moist and dry snuff. J Natl Cancer Inst 79 1281-1286... 

Despite the results from the climbing boys study, the list of known chemical carcinogens grew slowly. Prior to 1950, only three chemical mixmres were known to cause cancer in humans coal soot, tobacco, and naphthylamines from the production of synthetic dyes. Tobacco, like coal tar, had been recognized as a carcinogen ever since another London physician working in the 1700s, Dr. John Hill, first observed that excessive use of smokeless tobacco, or snuff, led to nasal cancer. 

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