Sniff

The next day comes and the hung-over chemist wakens to see a dark red solution stirring away. In some cases where the chemist had made an enormous batch of this stuff, there may be seen a small mass of crystalline precipitate at the bottom of the flask. This is no big deal and will go away in the next step. If the chemist had made this in a flat-bottomed flask (which she really should have for convenience) then the ice tray is removed, the flask returned to the stir plate, a distillation setup attached, and the acetone is vacuum distilled from the flask. After all the acetone has come over the chemist can proceed in two different ways. One way is to just keep on distilling the solution until all of the formic acid has been removed. The chemist knows that just about all the formic has been removed when there is about 300mL of thick black liquid remaining in the reaction flask and hardly any clear formic acid is dripping over into the collection flask. If one were to swirl the reaction flask, the liquid will appear syrupy and kind of coat the sides of the flask. This is more evident when the flask cools. A quick sniff of the flask may indicate that some formic is still in there, but it should be too minimal to be of any concern. 

Detection. Many people can detect hydrogen cyanide by odor or taste sensation at the 1 ppm concentration in air, most at 5 ppm, but HCN does not have an offensive odor and a few people cannot smell it even at toxic levels. Anyone planning to work with hydrogen cyanide should be checked with a sniff test employing a known safe concentration. This test should be given periodically. Several chemical detection and warning methods can be employed. The most rehable are modem, electronic monitors based on electrolytes that react with hydrogen cyanide. 

Odors are perceived via the olfactory system, which is composed of two organs in the nose the olfactory epithelium, a very small area in the nasal system, and the trigeminal nerve endings, which are much more widely distributed in the nasal cavity (11). The olfactory epithelium is extremely sensitive, and humans often sniff to bring more odorant in contact with this area. The trigeminal nerves initiate protective reflexes, such as sneezing or interruption of irrhalation, with exposure to noxious odorants. 

Nase, /. nose (projection) beak, cam, tappet stud, lug, etc. spout, nozzle, uaseln, 27.1. nasalize sniff, scent. 

Now by taking one more step we can view acid-base reaction in a broader sense. Suppose we mix aqueous solutions of ammonium chloride, NH4CI, and sodium acetate, CH3COONa. A sniff indicates ammonia has been formed. Reaction occurs,... 

A sniff and a sip produced a taste like a trail of incense, and that could be a worldly new direction in drinking. 

For comparing the relative loss of a flavor component from a container, we have found the sniff test (6) very useful, especially when gas concentration measuring techniques were not available. Typical results of this type of test are shown in Table II. Each filled container was held in a glass jar for approximately 48 hours. The results are stated in qualitative, subjective terms such as slight, strong, or undetectable. The... 

Using sniff test method with container enclosed in poly/foil/poly pouch with 38 mm screw cap. 

To administer the spray, sit upright and sniff hard for a few minutes after administration. 

Georgia is nine and lives with her aunt. Her parents split up two years ago. Her aunt is kind to her but Georgia is very unhappy and misses her parents very much. She has begun to sniff lighter fuel gas in her room every evening to help her forget her worries and cope with her unhappy feelings. 

When Katie answered her phone she seemed a little upset, and told Aminah that another friend of theirs, Rachel, had started to sniff solvents from aerosol cans, and that yesterday she had seemed drunk . Katie said she didn t know what to do, and asked Aminah what she thought, as she didn t want Rachel to get into trouble. (A)... 

In Britain and America the most common form of cocaine is as a white crystalline powder. Most users sniff it up the nose, often through a rolled banknote or straw, but it can also be made into a solution and injected. Crack is a smokable form of cocaine made into small lumps or rocks . It is usually smoked but can also be prepared for injection. Because it is such a fast-acting drug and the powerful effects wear off quickly, repeated use is common, and since cocaine is a relatively expensive drug it has become closely associated with a rich lifestyle. 

A nose that can see is worth two that can sniff". Eugene Ionescu (1965)... 

Similar constant checking across the cycle occurs in the Spider monkey (Ateles), where males directly sniff and nasally contact the females complex labial folds. The external genitalia lack visual peri-ovulatory alterations, hence usage of the AOS may occur. It is however unestablished in this, as in many other species without overt vulval colour change (Klein, 1971 Hunter et al., 1984). 

Fig. 7.9(b) Chemoinvestigation among Viverrids (c.f. Chap. 3, Heading Fig.) localised, site-specific investigation of skin-gland complexes in Genetta ano-genital (ag), perineal (p), scrotal (st), anal (al), and sub-caudal (sc), [nos. = sniffs (sec.), = % of all observations, frequency and duration.] (from Wemmer, 1977). 

Nevitt G. (1991). Do fish sniff A new mechanism of olfactory sampling in pleuronectid flounders. J Exp Biol 157, 1-18. 

FES Flame emission spectrometry GC-SNIFF Sniffing port gas chromatography... 

Figure 14.2.1 A scanning electron micrograph, magnified 1000 times, illustrating the morphology of the particles in a pressure-sensitive scratch-and-sniff ad. Courtesy of Museum of Science, Boston.

Question 14.2 How Does Scratch Sniff and Carbonless Copy Paper Work 211... 

These two seemingly dissimilar applications have a common basis—both are examples of the pressure-sensitive release of a chemical. How are these products designed Tiny spherical capsules (microcapsules or microspheres) with a glass or polymer shell are filled with a liquid core and glued onto paper. For a scratch-and-sniff ad, the core of the microcapsules contains a liquid with the desired scent for carbonless paper, a liquid ink or dye is encapsulated within the... 

Scratch-and-Sniff Paper. The Museum of Science, Boston, http //www.mos.org/sln/sem/scratch.html... 

Sniff area with colorimetric tubes for hazardous solvents. 

Fig. 4.3 Behavioral bioassay by using a felinine derivative. Felinine purified from cat urine by HPLC was dissolved in water at a concentration of lOmg/ml, and 200 pi of the solution was stored in a 1.5-ml eppendorf tube at room temperature for 5 days. GC-MS analysis detected 3-mercapto-3-methyl-l-butanol in the headspace gas of the tube. The cat (6-year-old castrated male) was able to sniff the opening of the tube, but not contact the felinine solution. The cat sniffed 3-mercapto-3-methyl-l-butanol with considerable interest (18s and 25s) and then licked his lips five times (37 s)...

We classified behaviors as states with measurable duration, or as chemosensory events, recorded as a frequency (Martin and Bateson 1993). The major states were drink/suckle, dust/mud/wallow, stand, walk or other. Chemosensory events were actions by the trunk tip contacting another elephant, investigating a substrate or performing actions called accessory trunk behaviors. We recorded the part of the body touched and the age and sex of the individual touched. The chemosensory events included sniff, check, place, and flehmen, and 10 accessory trunk behaviors (blow, dig, flick, horizontal sniff, periscope sniff, pinch, rub, suck, wrap and wriggle see Schulte and Rasmussen 1999 Bagley et al. 2006 Schulte 2006 Vyas 2006). 

Sniff Odour type had a significant effect (F2j io = 4.73, p < 0.05) on the number of times the cloth was sniffed by the gorillas (see Fig. lb). The gorillas sniffed the almond scented cloth significantly more than the unscented (water) cloth (p = 0.048). There was no difference between the time sniffing cKl scented and control cloth. 

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