Snail identifying

The applicability of cITP-NMR for the analysis of trace impurities was demonstrated by the selective detection of 1.9 nmol of atenolol injected in a sample containing a 1000-fold excess of sucrose [100]. cITP-NMR has also been used for the analysis of a cationic neurotoxin present in a homogenate of the hypo-branchial gland of the marine snail Calliostoma canaliculatum [109]. Korir et al. [110] used an anionic cITP separation with online NMR detection to separate and identify nanomole quantities of heparin oligosaccharides. Although only a few cITP-NMR applications have appeared, the ability to selectively separate, concentrate, and detect charged analytes makes cITP-NMR a potentially powerful method for trace analysis. 

In a model aquatic ecosystem, methoxychlor degraded to ethanol, dihydroxy ethane, dihy-droxyethylene, and unidentified polar metabolites (Metcalf et al, 1971). Kapoor et al. (1970) also studied the biodegradation of methoxychlor in a model ecosystem containing snails, plankton, mosquito larvae, Daphnia magna, and mosquito fish Gambusia affinis). The following metabolites were identified 2-(/5-methoxyphenyl)-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane, 2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) -1,1,1 -trichloroethane, 2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) -1,1,1 -trichloroethylene,... 

Nitrophenol, paraoxon, and three unidentified metabolites were identified in a model ecosystem containing algae, Daphnia magna, fish, mosquitoes, and snails (Yu and Sanborn, 1975). 

Five isobutylamides were isolated as insect growth inhibitors and toxicants from Fagara macrophylla and identified from their spectroscopic and chemical data. Synthesis and bioassay of the five natural products plus four analogs showed pellitorine to be the most active against a variety of insects, but not against a species of snail. 

Conotoxins are small (10-30 amino acids), disulphide-rich, conformationally constrained peptides produced by marine mollusks such as cone snails. The fish-hunting snails, in particular Conus geographus, have been extensively studied. Depending upon the arrangement of disulphide bonds and the number of residues between cysteines, five or more classes of conotoxin can be structurally identified ... 

The toxins identified from cone snails, nemerteans, cephalopod molluscs, etc. undoubtedly play some role in prey capture, but their importance relative to other predatory behaviors is generally unknown. For some predators, toxins may serve as a secondary rather than primary mode of... 

In 1801, the German explorer and naturalist Baron Alexander von Humboldt (after whom the Pacific current is named), identified the yopo tree botanically. While collecting flora near the Orinoco River, he watched the Maypure Indians prepare cohoba snuff by breaking the pods, moistening them and allowing them to ferment. When the pods turned black, they were kneaded with cassava meal and lime from snails into small cakes, which were eventually powdered. Humboldt noted, "it is not to be believed that the... 

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