Smelter effluent

In order to explore composition modulation of the final stage of a converter further, Briggs et al. (1978) added a second integral reactor, also holding about 30 g of the vanadia catalyst. With the preconverter in place, this system was operated on a typical feed from sulfur burning, with a S02 02 N2 composition in vol% of 10.8 15.2 74, and from a smelter effluent with a composition of 8.0 6.2 85.8. The cycled beds of vanadia catalyst were held in a fluidized sand bath at 401°C for the former feed and at 405°C for the latter one. The space velocity for both the air and the S03/S02 mixture was about 24 min 1 (STP). Table II summarizes the experimental results for the cycle periods tested. 

S02 emitted from the modulated bed goes through a minimum after switching to the S03/S02 mixture. Lowest values are obtained 2 min after the composition change for the sulfur burning feed and they are about 8% of the steady-state emission, whereas for the smelter effluent feed, the lowest emission is about 13% of the steady-state value. Evidently, a cycle period of 4 to 5 min would be optimum for the conditions used, yielding a performance some 10% better than that shown at r = 10 in Table II. 

Fig. 8. Observed temperature profiles in a single, flow-reversal S02 oxidation reactor processing (I) 40,000 m3/h, (II) 20,000 m3/h of a smelter effluent containing 2.3 vol% S02. (Figure adapted from Matros, 1989, with permission, 1989 Elsevier Science Publishers.)...

Burrows, G.E. and R.E. Borchard. 1982. Experimental lead toxicosis in ponies comparison of the effects of smelter effluent-contaminated hay and lead acetate. Amer. Jour. Vet. Res. 43 2129-2133. 

Bhattacharyya, D.C., Sund-Hagelberg, K. Schwitzgebel, G.M. Blythe, and F.B. Craig, (1980), "Removal of Heavy Metals, Arsenic, and Fluoride from Smelter Effluents by Sul fide-Lime Precipitation," Proceedings of the Industrial Wastes Symposia, Las Vegas, N.V. 

A particle removal method commonly used in industry is electrostatic precipitation. Industrial interest in this very efficient scheme can be traced back to 1911 with the investigation of F. Cottrell. His pioneering studies of sulfuric acid mist removal from copper smelter effluents led to the production of the Cottrell precipitator. 

Mayer FL, Bengtsson BE, Hamilton SJ. 1988. Effects of pulp mill and ore smelter effluents on vertebrae of fourhorn sculpin laboratory and field comparisons. In Adams WJ, Chapman GA, Landis WG, editors. Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment. Volume 971. Philadelphia (PA) American Society for Testing and Materials, p... 

Cadmium is found in low concentrations in most soils and waters. It is produced as a by-product of zinc and lead mining and smeltering. Industrial use of cadmium has led to a dramatic increase in environmental problems caused by this element. Cadmium is used in semiconductors, nickel-cadmium batteries, electroplating, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing, and control rods for nuclear reactors. The most important sources for aquatic contamination are active and inactive lead-zinc mines, land application of sewage sludge, zinc-cadmium smelters, effluents from plastic and steel production, and wastewaters from the production of nickel-cadmium batteries and electroplating (Zuiderveen, 1994). 

Goulet, R.R., Lalonde, J.D., Munger, C., Dupuis, S., Dumont-Frenette, G., Premont, S., and Campbell, P.G.C., Phytoremediation of effluents from aluminum smelters A study of A1 retention in mesocosms containing aquatic plants, Water Research, 39, 2291-2300, 2005. 

Five-Year History of a Biologically Based Treatment System that Treats High Concentrations of Effluent from an Industrial (Smelter Operation)... 

Wood has also been extensively used for round and rectangular pipes, ducts and stacks for pulp mill and smelter exhaust fumes and for liquid effluent. Semicircular flumes, some with abrasion-resistant linings, have been built for the transport of mineral slurries. 

In China, increased occurrence of tubular proteinuria has been reported in Cd contaminated areas. In an area in southeast China, high dietary exposure via the intake of high cadmium containing rice, contaminated by the effluents of a smelter, an increased excretion of tubular proteinuria was reported that for P2-microglobulin and albumin correlated in a dose-related pattern with the urinary Cd excretion [7]. Urinary P2-microglobulinuria and N-acetyl-P-D-glucos-aminidase excretion was evident also at relatively low urinary Cd concentrations [138]. 

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