Smart materials and structures

Due to some properties which are close to those of biological materials, and their response to the environment, some chemicals, polymers and composites have more recently been 

The expression smart materials and structures is widely used to describe the unique marriage of materials science and structural engineering by using sensors (mostly based on optical fibres) and actuation control technology [287]. 

The field of smart materials and structures is emerging rapidly with technological innovations appearing in engineering materials, like sensors, actuators and image processing. Smart materials can be defined in several ways [292]  

It appears that smart structures offer a potential solution for continuous structural health monitoring. A smart stmctnre is defined as a system that is designed for a specific functional purpose, and that operates at a higher level of performance than its conventional counterpart in fulfilling this pnrpose. The system senses its internal state and external, and based on information obtained makes decisions and responds to meet the functional reqnirements [293]. 

Until recently, researchers from different disciplines have made intensive efforts to develop smart structures able to measure their own structural condition by nsing embedded optical fibre. Such composite systems are able to assess damage and warn of impending weakness in the structural integrity of the stmctnre. Constmctions built with such materials with self- 

---

Lalli, J. H. Hill, A. Demerci, N. Homer, M. Claus, R. O. 2007. Metal rubber sheet and fabric materials. Proc. SPIE Smart Materials and Structures Conference. (San Diego, CA), pp. 6525-6563. 

With the inception of smart materials and structures, the world is on the brink of a new material age. Within this century the polymer age and the composite age have been experienced. These have now been followed by the smart material age. The implementation of smart materials into smart structures describes the smart material age more accurately. 

Gandhi, Mukesh V., and B. S. Thompson. Smart Materials and Structures. 

H. C. Robinson, Proceedings of the 7th spie Symposium on Smart Materials and Structures, Newport Beach, ca, March 2000. 

Ghandi, M.V. Thompson, B.S. Smart Materials and Structures. Chapman and Hall. London, 1992. 

S. Hayashi, in US-Japan Workshop on Smart Materials and Structures, edited by K. Inoue, S. I. Y. Shen and M. Taya, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (1997), 29-38. 

Gandhi MV, Thompson BS (1992) Smart materials and structures. Chapman Hall, UK... 

Holland, A., Cher, C., Rosengarten, G, and Simon, D., Plasma etching of thermoset polymer films for microchannels. Smart Materials and Structures 15, S104—Sill, 2006. 

Hiibler, M., Gurka, M., Schmeer, S., Brener, U.P., 2013. Performance range of SMA actuator wires and SMA—FRP structure in terms of manufacturing, modelling and actuation. Smart Materials and Structures 22 (9) (lOP Publishing Ltd). 

Fig. 2.1 Successive photographs of an IPMC strip before actuation (a) and (b) after actuation [9]. Smart Materials and Structures 2004, reprinted with permission...

Figure 15.4 Schematic of the TITAN microfluidic pump based upon a PPy-coated metallized polyurethane tube (1050 pm outer diameter). (Reprinted with permission from Smart Materials and Structures, TITAN a conducting polymer based microfluidic pump by Y. Wu, D. Zhou, G. M. Spinks et al., 14, 6, 1511-1516. Copyright (2005) Institute of Physics)...

J. Judy, Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Fabrication, design and applications. Smart Materials and Structures, 10(6), 1115-1134, 2001. 

Droval,G.,FeUer, J.F., Salagnac, P. and Glouannec, P. (2008) Conductive polymer composites with double percolated architectme of carbon nanoparticles and ceramic microparticles for high heat dissipation and sharp PTC switching. Smart Materials and Structures, 17 (2), 1-10. 

Nji, J. and Li, G. (2010) A self-healing 3D woven fabric reinforced shape memory polymer composite fm impact mitigation. Smart Materials and Structures, 19, paper 035(X)7 (9 pages). 

Meng, H., Mohamadian, H., Stubblefield, M Jerro, D Ibekwe, S., Pang, S.S., and Li, G. (2013) Various shape memory effects of stimuli-responsive shape memoiy polymers. Smart Materials and Structures, 22, paper093(X)1 (23 pages). 

Kousourakis, A. and Mouritzl A.P. (2010) The effect of self-healing hollow fibres on the mechanical properties of polymer composites. Smart Materials and Structures, 19, 085021. 

Tobushi, H., Hara, H., Yamada, E., and Hayashi, S. (1996) Thermomechanical properties in athin film of shape memory polymer of polyurethane series. Smart Materials and Structures, 5, 483—491. 

Diani, J. and Gall, K. (2007) Molecular dynamics simulations of the shape-memory behaviour of polyisoprene. Smart Materials and Structures, 16, 1575-1583. 

Meng, Q.H., Hu, J.L., and Yeung, L.Y. (2007) An electro-active shape memory fibre by incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Smart Materials and Structures, 16, 830-836. 

Nji, I. and li, G. (2012) Damage healing ability of a shape memory polymer based particulate composite with small thermoplastic contents. Smart Materials and Structures, 21, paper 025011. 

Chung, D.D.L., "Structural health monitoring by electrical resistance measurement" Smart Materials and Structures, pp. 624-636,2001. 

---