Small-Scale Laboratory Techniques

For small-scale laboratory transfers, recommended personal protective equipment includes a minimum of a full face shield and fire retardant lab coat. A recent tragic occurrence which resulted in the death of a university laboratory student (35) while handling tert-butyllithium would likely not have happened had the person been wearing proper personal protective equipment. A detailed discussion of techniques for safe laboratory transfers of metal alkyls is available (36). 

Dateralination of i usually is conducted in small-scale laboratory equipment. Typically, a 4-8 L MSMPR crystallizer is used for this purpose. Other techniques for obtaining nucleation order indnde carefully conducted pilot or foil-scale tests, mininuclealor tests (sse Randolph and Larson in the General Bibliography), and repotted deta in the literature. 

In this field, the technique that lends itself best to small scale laboratory development and evaluation is low pressure agglomeration (Section 5.0, Fig. 5.10, and Section... 

Purely physical polymer blends are most commonly prepared by either mechanical mixing (melt) or dissolution in a common solvent followed by casting and solvent removal. In this study, both techniques were used the latter method was more readily applicable for film formation in small-scale laboratory batches. It was recognized that certain morphological differences between melt- and solution-fabricated polymers are often observed these include phase inversions and distortions, especially with graft and block polymers. However, casual observation by optical and electron microscopy revealed no dramatic differences between the melt- and solution-cast films, and this cannot be readily explained. 

New chemical glass compositions techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals... 

Small-scale laboratory-sized chemical lasers provide convenient sources for studies of the distribution of vibrational energy in chemical reaction products and for measurements of vibrational and rotational energy transfer processes with the laser-induced fluorescence and laser double-resonance techniques. " ... 

Chapter XII is concerned with Semimicro Technique. There can be little doubt that preparations on a smaller scale than has hitherto been customary have many advantages particular reference may be made to cost, time and bench space, all of which are important factors in teaching laboratories and also in training for research. Once the student has mastered the special technique, no difficulty should be experienced in adapting most of the preparations described in the book to the semimicro scale. A few examples of small-scale preparations are included together with a suggested list of experiments for an elementary course. 

Although single-stage laboratory techniques provide the first step toward multistage industrial processes, such process development usually requires small-scale multistage and pilot-plant scale equipment. A large number of excellent designs are available, and we consider further fundamental improvements unlikely. 

Pavia, D. L. Lampman, G. M. Driz, G. S. Engel, R. G. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques Small Scale Approach Saunders College Publishing Orlando, FL, 1998 p 72. 

Analytical techniques to evaluate potential lubricating oil stocks are essential to a refiner s planning program. When sulfuric acid was the sole chemical used to refine burning oils and lubricants, it was a simple matter to carry out acid-treating experiments on a small scale in the laboratory, and results so obtained were quite reliable. With the advent of solvent treating, analytical techniques were developed which consisted of single or multiple-batch laboratory extractions in conjunction with correlations based on plant experience (17). 

Scaling Up from Laboratory Data Laboratory experimental techniques offer an efficient and cost-effective route to develop commercial absorption designs. For example, Ouwerkerk (Hydrocarbon Process., April 1978, 89-94) revealed that both laboratory and small-scale pilot plant data were employed as the basis for the design of an 8.5-m (28-ft) diameter commercial Shell Claus off-gas treating (SCOT) tray-type absorber. Ouwerkerk claimed that the cost of developing comprehensive design procedures can be minimized, especially in the development of a new process, by the use of these modern techniques. 

In a review of the comparative properties of sodium and potassium, the latter is rated as invariably the more hazardous [1]. Laboratory procedures for safe handling of potassium have been detailed [2], A safe method for disposal of potassium residues in bulk storage and processing vessels has been developed. Basically the method involves reaction of the metallic residues with dry (condensate-free) steam under closely controlled conditions. It may be used where small-scale techniques... 

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