Small scale firing systems

The experimental test field designed for investigations on the combustion and emission behaviour of solid fuelled small scale firing systems is shown in Figure 2. In order to get measurement results under practical conditions the test field is equipped with an insulated natural draft chimney with a height of 6m. 

Schmidl C, Luisser M, Padouvas E, Lasselsberger L, Rzaca M, Cruz C, Handler M, Peng G, Bauer H, Puxbaum H (2011) Particulate and gaseous emission from manually and automatically fired small scale combustion systems. Atmos Environ 45 7443-7454... 

Direct reading instruments may be used in the studies of fire effluents from different small scale testing methods. Moisture and high concentrations do create problems that has to be considered. Such problems may be overcome by using a dilution system such as the EPM 797-system. The instruments used must be fast responding since in certain situations the whole event is over within 1 minute. This also requires proper attention in the design of the sampling line. 

In addition to co-firing, there are three other types of biomass electricity-generation systems direct-fired, gasification, and modular. Of these, the most commonly used is direct-fired. In this system, biomass fuel is burned in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam, which then drives turbines to produce electricity. The drawback to these types of power plants is that they tend to be small scale and are not very efficient. Costs also tend to be relatively high, at nine cents per kilowatt-hour, versus only 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour for some co-fired plants.31... 

These fryers are used for small-scale production or for frying very specialty-type products such as kettle-fried Hawaiian-style potato chips. The oil is placed in a large pan where it is heated by gas burners, located under the pan. In certain installations, the oil is heated in an external heat exchanger. In this case, the oil is continuously taken out of the fryer, circulated through an external oil heater, and returned back into the fryer pan. The former method of heating the oil is known as the Direct Heating system, and the latter is called the Indirect Heating system. The external oil heaters can be either steam heated or gas fired. The steam heat... 

The developed optimisation procedure, consisting of detailed experimental and numerical investigations on the gas concentration, temperature and flow fields, will be also suitable for different small and medium scale wood firing systems with various combustion techniques. 

Andersson, M., Everbrand, L. and Lloyd Spetz, A. (2007), A novel sensor system based on gas sensitive MtSiCFET devices for combustion control in small-scale wood fired boilers , in P roceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensors, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, October 2007,493. ... 

In Europe, each country has its own fire test systems and requirements. North America also has several different large- and small-scale tests. 

Although non-inflammable solvents like trichloroethylene are used to eliminate fire risks there is a toxicity hazard to workers constantly exposed to the small amounts of vapour released when parts are removed from the tank, and the system is not easily adapted to small scale occasional operation in the home workshop. 

---