Skeletal matter

Stabilize skeletal matter, muscle and nerve triggering, activation of kinases, catalysis... 

Original components not bound together during deposition Original components were bound together during deposition as shown by intergrown skeletal matter, lamination contrary to ... 

The relationship between dissolved lanthanides and nutrients has received considerable discussion in the literature. Unlike for many other trace metals, there appears to be no metabolic requirement for lanthanides by plankton. At pmol/kg levels such a requirement is unlikely. Hence, surface water depletion must reflect a general type of scavenging onto newly formed surfaces (plankton). The extremely low concentrations of lanthanides in the calcium carbonate or siliceous skeletal matter of plankton suggest that such... 

In previous reviews on this matter by Gogelein [9] and myself [10] it has been pointed out that the Cl -channels of the central nervous system and of skeletal muscle are distinct from those of non-excitable cells. The latter entity is in itself obviously heterogeneous with respect to its occurrence and function. In apolar as well as in polarized cells Cl -channels may be involved in volume regulation. As a simple rule gating of K" - and Cl -channels is likely to occur whenever cell volume has to be down-regulated [11], as is the case in regulatory volume decrease of cell volume. A simple means to induce this phenomena is the exposure of cells to hypoosmolar solutions [12]. For example Cl -channels play an important role in... 

Anderson that at this level the mechanistic details are a matter of opinion (7). There is, however, a difference as far as the number of surface atoms participating in the reaction is concerned. Mechanism A requires more than one Mechanism C, however, requires only one metal atom. Van Schaik et al. 89) reported skeletal isomerization according to Mechanism A over platinum-rich platinum-gold alloys, whereas over gold-rich catalysts, isolated platinum atoms could promote Mechanism C only. Garin and Gault (82) assumed the formation of a C4 cyclic intermediate with the insertion of a platinum atom as the fourth member of the ring. This concept of Mechanism B would also involve one metal atom. 

The pore diameter on the abscissa is calculated by employing a particular pore model, usually to the intrusion branch. As a matter of convenience, a cylindrical pore model is traditionally applied. On the ordinate, steep changes in the cumulative diagram are reflected as peak maxima in the incremental curve. From several possible representations (incremental, differential, log differential), the log differential plot seems to be the most revealing, since the areas under the peaks are proportional to the pore volume [79]. Data that can easily derived from mercury intrusion are the pore size distribution, median or average pore size, pore volume, pore area, bulk and skeletal density, and porosity. 

As a practical matter, the second condition need not be fulfilled rigorously. If the reacting skeleton of atoms by itself has certain symmetry elements, rules based on these symmetry elements may often be expected to hold even if substituents on some of the skeletal atoms formally destroy the skeletal symmetry. This will be true when the substituents do not differ much from each other in an electronic sense. For instance, the diene 7.8-1 has C2l. symmetry. If one methyl group is replaced by an ethyl group, to give 7.8-II, the symmetry is reduced to no more than Cs. However, the electronic similarity... 

The amount of organic matter in skeletal material can be as low as 0.01 percent in some mollusc shells, and as high as 20 to 30 percent in vertebrate bones or teeth in a few isolated instances concentrations may go up to 90 percent. The origin, nature and function of mineralized tissues in calcification is only tentatively known. 

Subcutaneous injection of rabbits with aluminum chloride daily for 28 days was associated with significant accumulation of aluminum in bone, followed in order by significantly increased aluminum concentrations in renal cortex, renal medulla, liver, testes, skeletal muscle, heart, brain white matter, hippocampus, and plasma (Du Val et al. 1986). Because the brain tissue of treated rabbits had the lowest aluminum concentrations of the tissues evaluated, the authors suggested that there was a partial blood-brain barrier to entry of aluminum. 

Secondly, the geometric closure of nanoscopic space, either by endo-skeletal or exo-skeletal constructions, creates new surfaces and enclosures upon and where in reactions may be examined. Turro, Barton and Tomalia [40] refer to these domains, whether evolving from micelles, dendrimers or DNA, as nano-reactors". Cram has described such contained space in his carcerands as new phases of matter [41], Miller et al. [42] have used related linear nanostructures as molecular rulers which are observable as single molecular species by transmission electron miecroscope. On the other hand, Amit et al. [16] have shown that important biological events, such as the formation of antigen-antibody complexes involve nanoscopic areas of 600-1000 A2 (6-10 nm2). 

The most prevalent BoNTs isolated in human botulism are serotypes A, B, and E. The abihty of serotypes C and D, in addition to F, to paralyze human skeletal muscle should also be noted (Hilmas, impublished). Complicating matters is the fact that all BoNTs remain stable in common beverages and retain significant potency for prolonged periods of time (>90 days) at room temperature and in biological fluids (human whole blood and serum) at physiological temperatures (Hilmas et ah, 2006b Williams et ah, 2007). In addition, BoNTs possess a remarkable ability to remain within the nerve terminal for extended periods. Keller et ah (1999) showed BoNT protein detectable by western blot for 90 days in rat spinal cord cultures. 

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