Site market mechanisms

The estimated value of the worldwide sales of industrial enzymes was 1 billion in 1998 (Anwar and Saleemuddin, 1998), 1.5 billion in 2000 and 3.3 billion in 2010 (Sarrouh et al., 2012). Proteases represent one of the three largest groups of industrial enzymes and account for about 60% of the total worldwide sale (Figure 9.1). They differ in the properties such as substrate specificity, active sites, catalytic mechanism, pH, temperature and activity profiles. Figure 9.2 presents a breakdown of the market shares for industrial proteases. These data clearly show that bacterial proteases are the significant segment representing 60% of the total industrial protease turnover. 

Solid polymer and gel polymer electrolytes could be viewed as the special variation of the solution-type electrolyte. In the former, the solvents are polar macromolecules that dissolve salts, while, in the latter, only a small portion of high polymer is employed as the mechanical matrix, which is either soaked with or swollen by essentially the same liquid electrolytes. One exception exists molten salt (ionic liquid) electrolytes where no solvent is present and the dissociation of opposite ions is solely achieved by the thermal disintegration of the salt lattice (melting). Polymer electrolyte will be reviewed in section 8 ( Novel Electrolyte Systems ), although lithium ion technology based on gel polymer electrolytes has in fact entered the market and accounted for 4% of lithium ion cells manufactured in 2000. On the other hand, ionic liquid electrolytes will be omitted, due to both the limited literature concerning this topic and the fact that the application of ionic liquid electrolytes in lithium ion devices remains dubious. Since most of the ionic liquid systems are still in a supercooled state at ambient temperature, it is unlikely that the metastable liquid state could be maintained in an actual electrochemical device, wherein electrode materials would serve as effective nucleation sites for crystallization. 

In relation with resistance of weeds to herbicides, Duke et al. (2000) mentioned that new mechanisms of action for herbicides are highly desirable to fight evolution of resistance in weeds, to create or exploit unique market niches, and to cope with new regulatory legislation. Comparison of the known molecular target sites of synthetic herbicides and natural phytotoxins reveals that there is little redundancy. Comparatively little effort has been expended on determination of the sites of action of phytotoxins from natural sources, suggesting that intensive study of these molecules will reveal many more novel mechanisms of action. These authors gave some examples of natural products that inhibit unexploited steps in the amino acid, nucleic acid, and other biosynthetic pathways AAL-toxin, hydantocidin, and various plant-derived terpenoids. 

Mechanical pulp mills are normally on the same site and integrated with paper production, e.g. of newsprint. Chemical pulp mills can be integrated or sell market pulp that is flash dried and baled. Here, the capillary tension on drying pulls baek the loose fibrillated wall elements to re-bond to the external surface of the fibre, and... 

Thyroxine-MDase conjugates are peculiar in that they are enzymatically inactive but become activated by the binding of anti-thyroxine antibodies (Ullman et al., 1975). It seems that the conjugated thyroxine inhibits the enzyme by hindering its active site, whereas the antibody reactivates the enzyme by pulling the thyroxine away from the active site. Although this mechanism is not clearly understood, inhibition appears to be due to an increase in the (Van Lente and Galen, 1980). Many of these assays are marketed under the trade name EMIT by Syva Co. Enzyme activities are measured as discussed in Chapter 10. 

R. Neumann It seems to me somehow naive to talk about the insect or the mammalian receptor. I think the movement of companies away from screening houseflies to screening market-relevant insects indicates a widespread belief that target sites and detoxification mechanisms differ widely between insect species. Therefore it is very difficult to relate conclusions about receptor systems in cockroaches, locusts or some other model system to the economic "real world . 

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