Single-crystalline

The growth of a well ordered fullerene monolayer, by means of molecular beam epitaxy, has been used for the controlled nucleation of single crystalline thin films. The quality and stability of molecular thin films has been shown... 

Kummer S, Basche T and Brauchle C 1994 Terrylene in p-terphenyl a novel single crystalline system for single molecule spectroscopy at low temperatures Chem. Phys. Lett. 229 309-16... 

Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) surface science methods allow preparation and characterization of perfectly clean, well ordered surfaces of single crystalline materials. By preparing pairs of such surfaces it is possible to fonn interfaces under highly controlled conditions. Furthennore, thin films of adsorbed species can be produced and characterized using a wide variety of methods. Surface science methods have been coupled with UHV measurements of macroscopic friction forces. Such measurements have demonstrated that adsorbate film thicknesses of a few monolayers are sufficient to lubricate metal surfaces [12, 181. 

In Parylene C, the single crystalline form observed is very similar to the d form of Parylene N. Its detailed crystal stmcture has been deterrnined (a = 596 pm, b = 1269 pm, c (chain axis) = 666 pm, /5 = 135.2°) (47). X-ray studies on the crystal stmcture of Parylene D have not been reported. 

Chlorine ttifluoride is utilized in the processing of nuclear fuels to convert uranium to gaseous uranium hexafluoride. Chlorine ttifluoride has also been used as a low temperature etchant for single-crystalline siHcon (122,123). 

Over 50 acidic, basic, and neutral aluminum sulfate hydrates have been reported. Only a few of these are well characterized because the exact compositions depend on conditions of precipitation from solution. Variables such as supersaturation, nucleation and crystal growth rates, occlusion, nonequilihrium conditions, and hydrolysis can each play a role ia the final composition. Commercial dry alum is likely not a single crystalline hydrate, but rather it contains significant amounts of amorphous material. 

As we have seen, the orientation of crystallites in a thin film can vary from epitaxial (or single crystalline), to complete fiber texture, to preferred orientation (incomplete fiber texture), to randomly distributed (or powder). The degree of orientation not only influences the thin-film properties but also has important consequences on the method of measurement and on the difficulty of identifying the phases present in films having multiple phases. 

Colloidal crystals can be grown by a templated approach too. Thus van Blaadcren and Wiltzius (1997) have shown that allowing colloidal spheres to deposit under gravity on to an array of suitably spaced artificial holes in a plate quickly generates a single crystalline layer of colloidal spheres, and a thick crystal will then grow on this basis. 

DOia/TigAl. These materials possess a lamellar structure consisting of layers of twin-related TtAl and layers of TigAl in single crystalline form they are called "polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals" (for a recent review see Yamaguchi, et al. 1995). 

Figure 14-15. Rucking mode of (a) vacuum-evaporated dihcxyl-scxithio-plicuc DH6T (from Ref. 691) and (b) single-crystalline dimethyl i uatcrthio-phenc DM4T. viewed along the a axis (after Ref. 134]).

Double metalation of the protected (2/ .3S)-4-nitro-l, 2,3-butanetriol 4 and addition of benzaldehyde furnished, after removal of the protecting groups, a single crystalline diastereomer. The absolute configuration of the newly formed asymmetric carbons is assumed to be cither (4R,5S) or (4S,5R)ls. 

When the bicyclic thiirene oxide 180164 is dissolved in excess furan, a single crystalline endo-cycloadduct (182) is formed stereospecifically (equation 71)164. This is the first propellane containing the thiirane oxide moiety. Clearly, the driving force for its formation is the release of the ring strain of the starting fused-ring system 180. In contrast, 18a did not react with furan even under forcing conditions. 

The photochemical behavior of a number of substituted derivatives of thiochroman-4-one 1-oxides has been examined by Still and coworkers192-194. These authors also report that rearrangement to cyclic sulfenates, with subsequent reaction by homolysis of the S—O bond, appears to be a particularly favorable process. For example, ultraviolet irradiation of a solution of 8-methylthiochroman-4-one 1-oxide (133) in benzene for 24h afforded a single crystalline product which was assigned the disulfide structure 134 (equation 54). More recently, Kobayashi and Mutai195 have also suggested a sulfoxide-sulfenate rearrangement for the photochemical conversion of 2,5-diphenyl-l,4-dithiin 1-oxide (135) to the 1,3-dithiole derivatives 136 and 137 (equation 55). 

Figure 5.38. Optical micrograph of a representative structure of the microstructured Pt film on single crystalline YSZ used for SPEM experiments.67 Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science.

Fig. 8 Raman spectrum of the bending region in the range of Vg and Vg in single crystalline a- Sg (resolution < 0.1 cm ), after [110]...

Fig. 13 Isotopic line splitting of the V3 stretching vibration in single crystalline (see also Fig. 12(a)), after [108, 109], The origin of each absorption band is indicated by an isotopomer present in crystals of natural composition. While the absorption could be fitted by a Lorentzian band profile, the remaining peaks were dominated by the Gaussian contribution in the Voigt band shapes (solid lines below the spectrum). The sum result of fitting the isotopic absorption bands is inserted in the measured spectrum as a solid line...

Fig. 16 Raman spectrum of two-phonon processes in single crystalline a- 8g range 500-1000 cm , after [109]. The strong bands in the range 800-950 cm result from combinations of components of the stretching vibrations...

Epitaxial effects are not limited to single-crystalline substrates. The possibility for substrate-induced epitaxial development in the difficult case of ZnSe (cf. conventional electrodeposition) has been established also by using strongly textured, albeit polycrystalline, zinc blende (111) CdSe electrolytic films to sustain monolithic growth of ZnSe in typical acidic selenite baths [16]. Investigation of the structural relations in this all-electrodeposited ZnSe/CdSe bilayer revealed that more than 30-fold intensification of the (111) ZnSe XRD orientation can be obtained on the textured (111) CdSe films, compared to polycrystalline metal substrates (Fig. 4.2). The inherent problems of deposition from the Se(IV) bath, i.e., formation of... 

Solid solutions are very common in crystalline solids. A solid solution may be defined as a single crystalline phase with variable composition. In general, these... 

Kohei Uosaki received his B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees from Osaka University and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from flinders University of South Australia. He vas a Research Chemist at Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co. Ltd. from 1971 to 1978 and a Research Officer at Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, U.K. bet veen 1978 and 1980 before joining Hokkaido University in 1980 as Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry. He vas promoted to Associate Professor in 1981 and Professor in 1990. He is also a Principal Investigator of International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) Satellite, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) since 2008. His scientific interests include photoelectrochemistry of semiconductor electrodes, surface electrochemistry of single crystalline metal electrodes, electrocatalysis, modification of solid surfaces by molecular layers, and non-linear optical spectroscopy at interfaces. 

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