Single anode materials

The application of sacrificial anodes for the protection of structures requires the development of suitable anode materials for the exposure environment. Screening tests enable the rapid selection of materials which show potential as candidates for the given application. These tests may typically use a single parameter (e.g. operating potential at a defined constant current density) as a pass/fail criterion and are normally of short duration (usually hours) with test specimen weights of the order of hundreds of grams. The tests are not intended to simulate field conditions precisely. 

There have already been a number of excellent reviews describing many aspects of SOFC, and we will not try to duplicate that literature. For information on stack designs and cells operating on H2 or on synthesis gas (a mixture or H2 and CO) produced by reforming, we refer the reader to those other reviews. In this review, we will focus on recent work aimed at operating SOFC directly on hydrocarbon fuels and on anode materials that are compatible with direct hydrocarbon utilization. We have further restricted the scope to the performance and analysis of single-cell systems. While stacks that operate directly on hydrocarbons will likely need to be different from more traditional stacks, the development of direct-utilization SOFC is still in its infancy, with only one report of preliminary data on the stack level. 2 ... 

Interconnection materials are necessary to combine single cells to form multicell modules by connecting the anode material of one cell to the cathode material of the... 

Yu Y, Gu L, Zhu C, Van Aken PA, Maier J. Tin nanoparticles encapsulated in porous multichannel carbon microtubes preparation by single-nozzle electrospinning and application as anode material for high-performance Li-based batteries. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 131 15984-5. 

Mediated oxidation with conventional anodic materials has already been applied using a cell in which direct and mediated oxidation occurs. It is important to note that the objective when using conventional anodic materials was to improve the low oxidative action of these anodes, not to improve the mass-transfer limitation found with BDD anodes. Consequently, it is not taken for granted that the single-step method is the most suitable one. 

Amaresh, S., K. Karthikeyan, I. C. Jang, and Y. S. Lee. 2014. Single-step microwave mediated synthesis of the C0S2 anode material for high rate hybrid supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2 11099-11106. 

Quinn, R. K., Nasby, R. D., and Baughman, R. J. Photoassisted electrolysis of water using single crystal a-Fe Oj anodes. Materials Research Bulletin, 11(8), 1011-1017 (1976). 

A wide variety of x-ray tube anode materials are available. The more commonly used anodes are chromium, rhodium, tungsten, and molybdenum. In addition, aluminum, copper, silver, gold, and platinum have all been employed as single anodes. Dual-anode tubes, combining two different anode materials, are also used to provide more flexibility in the choice of excitation condition. Tungsten with chromium and molybdenum with tungsten are two of the more common combinations. Other pairs have also been used to optimize excitation for a particular application (e.g., rhodium combined with tungsten). 

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