Simple starch hydrolyzates

Simple starch hydrolyzates have been used extensively to produce dried flavoring materials (14-17). Inexpensive, functional dextrinized starches unfortunately exhibit one major deficiency the inability to form stable aqueous emulsions... 

In the Phadebas TM amylase test (72) (Pharmacia Labs) the substrate was a water insoluble cross-TTnked blue starch in tablet form which also contains some inert ingredients, sodium and potassium phosphate buffer salts and sodium chloride. This polymer was hydrolyzed by amylase into water soluble blue starch fragments. After centrifugation the absorbance of the blue supernatant was proportional to the activity of amylase present in the test samples. The day to day variation on a quality control serum had a coefficient of variation of 2.7% based on 30 days of data in our laboratory. The method is simple, reproducible and uses microquantities of serum. 

The diastase activity was traditionally determined according to the Schade method in the earlier years (Schade et al., 1958). One unit of diastase activity (or more specifically, a-amylase), DN, is defined as that amoimt of enz)nne that converts 0.01 g of starch to the prescribed endpoint in 1 h at 37 °C under the experimental conditions. In this assay, a standard solution of starch, which reacts with iodine to produce a color solution, is used as a substrate for honey enzymes under the standard conditions (Rendleman, 2003). A recently developed procedure uses an insoluble, dyed starch substrate (Persano Oddo and Pulcini, 1999). As this substrate is hydrolyzed by ot-amylase, soluble dyed starch fragments are released into solution. After reaction termination and insoluble substrate removal by centrifugation, absorbance of the supernatant solution (at 620 nm) is measured. The absorbance is proportional to the diastase activity. This procedure has been widely adopted in the honey industry due to the convenience of a commercially available substrate and the simple assay format. 

Carbohydrates are classified based upon the products formed when they are hydrolyzed. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler sugars upon hydrolysis. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, ribose, deoxyribose, and fructose. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units and yield two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. Examples of disaccharides are lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units and yield many individual monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose. 

The monosaccharide D-( + )-glucose, an aldohexose, is formed by plants in photosynthesis and is converted to the polysaccharides cellulose and starch. Simple saccharides are called sugars. Polysaccharides are hydrolyzable to monosaccharides e.g., a mol of trisaccharide gives 3 mol of monosaccharides. 

Covalent linkage of amino acid, peptide or protein moieties onto the hydrolyzed and/or oxidized polymers (Control and Oxidized starches) was examined for its ability to improve the potential for microregion lipophilicity within the carbohydrate polymer. Proteinaceous materials are often strongly surface active (39) and may, if carefully selected, contribute positively to wall material characteristics. This selection process was carried-out using maltodextrins (DE 10 and/or 25) as the carbohydrate framework and various amino acid-derived materials as the function-altering accessory, ranging from gelatin and casein proteins to simple amino acids. 

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Simple carbohydrates such as glucose can t be hydrolyzed to smaller molecules complex carbohydrates such as starch and... 

Starch can be fully hydrolyzed to dextrose, which can be measured, with subsequent calculation of the original starch content. While the use of enzymes is probably the best means, acid hydrolysis is a simple alternative. Importantly, dilute acid should be used to avoid condensation of the dextrose. When Ig of starch is refluxed for 3 h in 0.25 mol 1 hydrochloric acid, the hydrolysis is complete this has been verified by chromatography. An official method based on this approach uses the Lane and Eynon titration based on Fehling s solution to determine the dextrose. However, alternative methods for dextrose... 

Subramaniam [93] and Anandaraman and Reineccius [96] have shown that simple hydrolyzed starches can give excellent protection to spray-dried orange oils... 

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