Simple Organic Compounds

A history of ether and etherification is a welcome, and now rare, focus on an individual compound.72 It covers work by Berzelius, Gerhardt, Hennell, Kolbe, Liebig, and of course Williamson. Acetoacetic ester has received detailed historical notice in a biography,73 as have salicylic acid and the salicylates.74 Apart from natural products, few heterocyclic substances have been recently the subject of historical enquiry. An impressive exception is that of pyrrole, a simple molecule explored by Dippel, Reichenbach, Runge and others, and manufactured by Du Pont.75 There is also an account of the structural problems posed by piperidine.76 Accounts have been given of the discovery of aniline from crystallin (a product of the thermal decomposition of indigo),77 of the history of phenol over the last two centuries,78 and of organic nitrates and their uses in medicine.79 

Most other simple compounds whose history has been examined have been those of obvious industrial interest. Thus, fluorinated compounds have been discussed, especially the now controversial chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).80 Another aliphatic chemical that has received exhaustive historical treatment, chiefly in the context of its industrial use, is lactic acid.81 The development of urea as a fertilizer has been studied,82 and a history provided of the synthesis of methanol.83 

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Note that some of the metals frequently encountered in simple organic compounds give characteristic flame colorations Na, yellow K, lilac through blue glass Ca, brick-red Ba, apple-green Cu, bright blue-green. Ag and Pb, no characteristic flame. 

In the early years of the chemical industry, use of biological agents centered on fermentation (qv) techniques for the production of food products, eg, vinegar (qv), cheeses (see Milk and milk products), beer (qv), and of simple organic compounds such as acetone (qv), ethanol (qv), and the butyl alcohols (qv). By the middle of the twentieth century, most simple organic chemicals were produced synthetically. Fermentation was used for food products and for more complex substances such as pharmaceuticals (qv) (see also Antibiotics). Moreover, supports were developed to immobilize enzymes for use in industrial processes such as the hydrolysis of starch (qv) (see Enzyme applications). 

Biomass is generally made up of polymers, oligomers, monomers, and other nonpolymerizable simple organic compounds, including metallic salts and complexes [17,29,30]. Polymers are, of course, the major components and have been serving human civilizations from time immemorial. The literature on natural polymers is vast and only a few reviews and books are cited here for further reference [3,17,18,24,29-31,37-53]. The outstanding aspect of natural polymers is their wide variety, which provides innumerable opportunities for structural modifications and utilization. 

It is now believed that many of our useful drugs exert their beneficial action by the inhibition of enzyme activity in bacteria. Some bacteria, such as staphylococcus, require for their growth the simple organic compound poraaminobenzoic... 

Before I proceed with the discussion of the dediazoniation mechanism, it is necessary to spend some paragraphs considering the definition of the term crisis as used by Kuhn. As already discussed in Section 8.3 the crisis was terminated by the experiments which demonstrated that the first step in Scheme 9-2 is reversible (mechanism B), or in other words that a simple organic compound, the phenyl cation, does react with N2 molecules. 

There are millions of organic compounds many consist of highly intricate molecules, so their names can be very complicated. You could, for example, find yourself asking for ct-D-glucopyranosyl(l—>2)-(3-D-fructofuranose when all you wanted was sucrose (sugar). However, for most of this text, we will need to know only a few simple organic compounds, and this section will introduce some of them. Chapters 18 and 19 present a more complete introduction to the nomenclature of organic compounds. 

Methane production [CO2 + H2 (or simple organic compound such as acetate) - CH4 + H2O] Methane-producing bacteria... 

The methane-producing bacteria that derive their energy from the oxidation of simple organic compounds such as methanol and acetate, release large quantities of methane. They... 

It should also be mentioned that some compounds of relatively low toxicity act as physical poisons, although such pollutants are seldom important in ecotoxicology. They have no known specific mode of action, but if they reach relatively high concentrations in cellular structures, for example, manbranes, they can disturb cellular processes. Examples include certain ethers and esters, and other simple organic compounds. 

Sangster, J. Octanol-water partition coefficients of simple organic compounds./. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1989, 18.1111-1229. 

Bagotzky VS, Vassiliev YB, Khazova OA. 1977. Generalized scheme of chemisorption, electrooxidation and electroieduction of simple organic compounds on platinum group metals. J Electroanal Chem 81 229-238. 

A7.4.1 Ions, simple organic compounds, amino acids and simple peptides... 

Effect of ultrasound in the synthesis of simple organic compounds. 

Simple organic compounds such as CH4, CH3OH, CO2 Simple inorganic compounds such as SO, SiO, HF, KC1 Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains such as HC3N, HC5N Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons... 

Platford, R.F. (1979) Glyceryl trioleate-water partition coefficients for three simple organic compounds. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21, 68. 

Sangster, J. (1989) Octanol-water partition coefficients of simple organic compounds. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18, 1111-1230. Sangster, J. (1993) LOGKOW, A Databank of Evaluated Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients. 1st Edition, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Sarna, L.P., Hodge, P.E., Webster, G.R.B. (1984) Octanol-water partition coefficients of chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans by reversed-phase HPLC using several C18 columns. Chemosphere 13, 975-983. 

Introduction to organic chemistry hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties). Physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds should also be included as exemplary material for the study of other areas such as bonding, equilibria involving weak acids, kinetics, colligative properties, and stoichiometric determinations of empirical and molecular formulas. 

Animals and plants, especially roots and microorganisms, provide biochemical, bioorganic, and organic compounds to soil. These may be in the form of cellular components, such as cell walls, membranes, enzymes, and complex and simple organic compounds. Decomposition of complex cellular material and... 

In addition to methane, other simple organic compounds will be found in soil from two different sources. They can be either exuded from roots into the rhizosphere or derived from the decomposition of larger organic molecules. 

In his x-ray work Mark showed a greater range of interests than the other investigators in the field. Mark and his collaborators studied elements, both metallic and nonmetallic, minerals, inorganic compounds, simple organic compounds, condensed gases, and macromolecular substances, and in addition they studied the physics of x-rays and of the diffraction phenomenon. 

Metallic salts (or metallic compounds) after dissolution in appropriate solvents when introduced into a flame (for instance acetylene burning in oxygen at 3200°C), turns into its vapours that essentially contain mostly the atoms of the metal. Quite a few such gaseous metal atoms are usually raised to a particular high energy level that enables them to allow the emission of radiation characteristics features of the metal for example-the characteristic flame colourations of metals frequently encountered in simple organic compounds such as Na-yellow, Ca-brick-red Ba-apple-green. This forms the fundamental basis of initially called Flame Photometry, but more recently known as Flame Emission Spectroscopy (FES). 

The general formula for a family of simple organic compounds is R + functional group. The letter R stands for any alkyl group. (If more than one alkyl group is present, R and R" are also used.) For example, the general formula R—OH refers to any of the following compounds ... 

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