Silicon electrochemical lithiation

Liu XH et al (2012) In situ atomic-scale imaging of electrochemical lithiation in silicon. Nat Nanotechnol 7 749—756... 

Wang JW et al (2013) Two-phase electrochemical lithiation in amorphous silicon. Nano Lett 13 709-715... 

The electrochemical lithiation of undoped, P-doped and B-doped nano-silicon particles has been studied during the first cycle by ex situ Li and Li MAS-NMR spectroscopy by Cattaneo et al. Samples were charged within pouch cells up to capacities followed by NMR analysis. Different crystalline phases occurred after higher capacitance was induced. Other effects including boron doping on the silicon nano-particles was also examined. ... 

Bright-field TEM image and electron diffraction pattern (inset) of a silicon electrode [a] before and (b) after electrochemical lithiation. 

McDowell MT, Lee SW, Wang C, Cui Y (2012) The effect of metallic coatings and crystallinity on the volume expansion of silicon during electrochemical lithiation/ delithiation. Nano Energy 1 401 10... 

Lee SW, McDowell MT, Choi JW, Cui Y (2011) Anomalous shape changes of silicon nanopillars by electrochemical lithiation. Nano Lett 11 3034-3040... 

Among possible alternative alloying elements, silicon is the most attractive and widely investigated [3, 4] because of its high gravimetric and volumetric capacities and abundance in the natural environment. Silicon in the fully lithiated form of Li4.4Si provides a theoretical specific capacity of 4,212 mAh/g which is 10 times more than the capacity of graphite. The specific capacities and volume changes of the different electrochemically active elements are shown in Table 15.1. 

Fig. 15.1 Silicon lithiation showing two-phase plateaus at 415°C. (Reprinted with permission from Boukamp et al. [1], Copyright 1981 The Electrochemical Society)...

Datta MK, Kumta PN (2009) In situ electrochemical synthesis of lithiated silicon-carbon based composites anode materials for lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources 194 1043-1052... 

Prof. Hong Li and co-works from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of science, also purposed to use nanosized silicon as anode for LIBs, which is the first patent of nano-Si anode in the world.They have found that nanosized Si particle showed much better cyclic performance than micrometer sized silicon at room temperature. " Later, they found the room-temperature amorphization phenomenon for single crystal Si nanowires after lithiation and electrochemical agglomeration of nanosized Si particles. " ... 

Structural phase transitions that occur during lithiation are typically undesirable since they often lead to slow kinetics and poor cycle life. In that respect, the electrochemically driven amorphization of silicon is advantageous since it allows lithiation to occur while b3q)assing multiple crystallographic transitions. However, the electrochemical properties of silicon and germanium could likety... 

The lithium metal-free sulphur battery concept was confirmed by using a lithiated silicon-carbon anode, an HCS-S (hard carbon spherules-sulphur composite) cathode (cfr. Figure 3.29) and a LiCFgSOgTEGDME liquid electrolyte (see Figure 3.31) [50]. The electrochemical process involves the transfer of lithium ions from the anode to the cathode Li Si-C -f S Lij.S + xSiC + HCS (HCS hard carbon spherules). The battery delivers a capacity of 500 mAh g g at an average voltage of 1.8 V (see Figure 3.31). 

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