Signaling Pathways for Regulating Adipocyte Formation

Step 2- FGJi travels to the nucleus, where it binds to PPAR, followed by binding to RXR. The result is a complex composed of the hormone (PGJ2) and the two prateins (PPAR and RXR). The particular family of receptor proteins that includes FFAR and RXR is water soluble and not membrane bound. Prostaglandin I2 binds to an intracellular receptor (PJ AR), in contrast to other types of prostaglandins that bind to extracellular receptors. 

Step 4. AGGTCANAGGTCA resides near dozens of genes that code for proteins that are unique or necessary to adipocytes. The binding of the FFAR/RXR complex to these response elements in the cell activates the nearby genes — genes that are just downstream of the response element — and provokes the conversion of the pie-adipocyte to an adipocyte. 

Step S. C/EBP is a transcription factor of 42 kDa. It binds to a response element with the structure CCA AT. C/EBP forms dimers with itself to generate C/EBP-C/EBP, Activation by PPAR-y is thought to be a primary event in adipocyte formation, with activation by C/EBP being secondary. Evidence suggests that both of these transcription factors act synergistically with each other. 

Step 6, The changes occurring in adipocyte formation include the synthesis and deposition of collagen fibers at the outside surface of the cell, and the synthesis of CLUT-4 transporters, FEPCK, Jeptin, the insulin receptor, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and citrate lyase (Smas and Sul, 1995). Adipocytes make a special protein called perilipin, which binds to the outside of lipid droplets, The existence of this protein might be compared with apolipopreleins, which also coat the outside of lipid droplets. A simple assay used to assess conversion of a pre-adipocyte, such as a fibroblast, to an adipocyte is staining with a red dye that binds to lipid droplets (Forman et al, 1995). 

Genes include the regions of DMA that code for a particular protein or polypeptide, as well as regions of DMA used to control the rate of transcription. Please find the binding site for a transcription factor on this region of the leptin gene  

According to the CT measurements (Table 7.2), what percent of body fat of the obese women was subcutaneous and what percent was visceral  

From these results, one might guess that the black population, overall, is at lesser risk for cardiovascular disease than whites. This notion is false because of the greater prevalence of obesity among blacks. Epidemiological studies have revealed that about one-third of white women are obese, while over half of all black women are obese. 

Studies of premature infants (1.2 kg body weight) revealed that they accumulated and retained protein at the same rate as fetuses of the same postconception age. However, the premature infants accumulated fat at a rate three times that of fetuses of the same age. Both groups gained total body weight at the same rate. Which methods would you use to estimate the acciunulation of protein, water, and fat, over the course of time, in a premature infant (See Reichman et al, 1981.) 

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Measurement of Body Fat by Skin fold Measurements Measurement of Body Fat by Densitometry Assessment uf Body Fat by Computed Tomography Signaling Pathways for Regulating Adipocyte Formation Genetic Factors in Obesity... 

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