Signal transduction cycle

Fig. 3. The G-protein dependent signal transduction cycle. The signal transduction unit is represented by R (receptor), G (G protein), and E (effector). G is composed of Ga wifh bound GTP or GDP and of GPy. The acfive and inactive complexes or proteins are shown in black and grey, respectively. S represents the stimulus that triggers the cycle. Proteins interacting in a complex ore linked by hyphens...

Phospholipids can be synthesized by a number of different routes. However, the primary synthesis route is relatively unimportant because the final structures of brain phospholipids are largely determined not by the structure first synthesized but by the highly active and constant phospholipid remodeling that goes on within the brain. This remodeling plays a central role in several signal transduction cycles, which will be summarized in the following subsections. 

Herman-Antosiewicz A and Singh S V (2004), Signal transduction pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in cancer cells by Allium vegetable-derived organosulfur compounds a review , Mutation Res, 555, 121-131. 

Hu, X. and Zuckerman, K. 2001. Transforming growth factor signal transduction pathways, cell cycle mediation, and effects on hematopoiesis. Journal of Hematotherapy and Stem Cell Research 10(1), 67-74. 

The SCF and SCF-like complexes are multi-subunit RING-type E3s that represent the largest E3 family knotvn to date. This superfamily of E3s are involved in regulating cell-cycle progression, signal transduction pathways, transcriptional control, and multiple aspects of cell growth and development (reviewed in Ref. [50]). All members of this E3 superfamily contain two basic components, a member of the cullin protein family and a RING-domain protein. The cullin subumt serves as the... 

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