Signal amplification system

Both target and signal amplification systems have been successfully employed to detect and quantitate specific nucleic acid sequences in clinical specimens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), and ligase chain reaction (LCR) are all examples of enzyme-mediated, target amplification strategies that are capable of producing billions of... 

Toda, M., Kono, K., Abiru, H., Kokuryo, K., Endo, M., Yaegashi, H., and Fukumoto, M. 1999. Application oftyramide signal amplification system to immunohistochemistry a potent method to localize antigens that are not detectable by ordinary method. Pathol. Intern. 49 479-483. 

The use of novel electrode materials should, in principle, improve the reproducibility of the biosensor, since the screen-printing process is thought to be responsible for the standard deviation of the electrochemical measurements. The developed biosensor can also be applied to the analysis of water. In this case, the matrix is expected to produce fewer effects. Finally, the use of molecularly engineered supersensitive enzymes and the combination with signal amplification systems can contribute to increase the sensitivity of the biosensor. 

Figure 2. Highly sensitive immunohistochemical detection method. The catalyzed signal amplification system, which employs fluoresceinyl tyramide (FT-CSA), is a representative enhancement technique that is suitable for pathological research with archival tissue sections. The method consists of two steps, an amplification step by first-step peroxidase-labeled antibody and fluoresceinyltyramide (a), and a visualization step by second-step peroxidase-labeled antibody and chromogen (b), in both of which microscopic observation of immunosignals is possible (inset photos HER4 IHC analysis in A431 epidermoid cell lines).

Use, for example, Vectastain ABC method (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA), or CSA Dakor (catalyzed signal amplification system for mouse primary antibodies) Dako and APAAP mouse or rat primary antibody kits (Dako). 

Toda Y, Kono K, Abiru H, et al. Application of tyramide signal amplification system to immunohistochemistty A potent method to localize antigens that ate not detectable by ordinary 122. method. Pathol Int. 1999 49 479. 

Enlargement of Au-NPs has also been employed as a signal amplification system in conjunction with other amplification... 

The payload of the telecommunications satellites is different in nature, consisting of a set of electronic processing and signal amplification systems. The desired dependability properties are obtained not by one-for-one redundancy of the elements but by a few additional elements kept in reserve (not powered, in cold redundancy) to replace faulty elements during the mission. The replacement is done using connection matrices to estabhsh the desired paths. When there are no more resources available in reserve, the continuation of the mission is possible in degraded operation (number of channels below the nominal specification) until the capacity of the satellite is considered inadequate in terms of its operating costs and the use of orbital position. 

TSA (Tyramide signal amplification system) Tupperware Tween Tygon UltraFree UNIX Vaseline Vectashield Vectastain Vyon Whatman Windows YOYO... 

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