Potent methods

H. Kakeya, N. Sakai, T. Sugai, H. Ohta, Microbial Hydrolysis As a Potent Method for the Preparation of Optically Active Nitriles, Amides and Carboxylic Acids , Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 1343-1346. 

ATRP is a very potent method for preparing block copolymers by sequential monomer addition as well as star polymers using multifunctional initators. Furthermore, it can be applied also in heterogenous polymerization systems, e.g., emulsion or dispersion polymerization. In Example 3-15 the ATRP of MMA in miniemulsion (see also Sect. 2.2A.2) is described. 

Toda, M., Kono, K., Abiru, H., Kokuryo, K., Endo, M., Yaegashi, H., and Fukumoto, M. 1999. Application oftyramide signal amplification system to immunohistochemistry a potent method to localize antigens that are not detectable by ordinary method. Pathol. Intern. 49 479-483. 

Gockel, C.M., S. Bao, and K.W. Beagley. 2000. Transcutaneous immunization induces mucosal and systemic immunity A potent method for targeting immunity to the female reproductive tract. Mol Immunol 37 537. 

It should be noted that the related imine-oxaziridine couple E-F finds application in asymmetric sulfoxidation, which is discussed in Section 10.3. Similarly, chiral oxoammonium ions G enable catalytic stereoselective oxidation of alcohols and thus, e.g., kinetic resolution of racemates. Processes of this type are discussed in Section 10.4. Whereas perhydrates, e.g. of fluorinated ketones, have several applications in oxidation catalysis [5], e.g. for the preparation of epoxides from olefins, it seems that no application of chiral perhydrates in asymmetric synthesis has yet been found. Metal-free oxidation catalysis - achiral or chiral - has, nevertheless, become a very potent method in organic synthesis, and the field is developing rapidly [6]. 

Muller, W., Flesch J. and Meyer W., Treatment of intershell correlation effects in ab intio calculations by use of core potentals. Method and application to alkali and earth atoms. J. Chem. Phys. (1984) 80 3297-3310. 

Whether the art originated, as some historians repeat, with ancient Chinese Monks forbidden to corry weopons, or, os more popularly believed, with the physically inferior Japanese as a means of overcoming their natural handicop in bodily encounters, it hos long been recognized as a potent method of attack and defense. 

Toda Y, Kono K, Abiru H, et al. Application of tyramide signal amplification system to immunohistochemistty A potent method to localize antigens that ate not detectable by ordinary 122. method. Pathol Int. 1999 49 479. 

StiU, the burning wood example could inspire much more sophisticated experiments. A much more alchemical and potent method of revealing the tria prima was through distillation. Thus, the organic distillation of oak chips yielded five fractions, out of which the active ones were deemed to be Mereuiy, Sulphur and Salt [10]. 

For nonlinear optical molecules which do not possess the desired centrosymmetric crystallization, there are very potent methods to incorporate these chromophores into polymer hosts ( electric field poling ) (Singer et al., 1986,1987 Hubbard et al., 1989 Bjorklund et al., 1991), self-assembly of molecular layers (Li et al., 1990 Katz et al., 1991), and Langmuir-Blodgett assembly of films (Roberts et al 1990 Kajikawa et al., 1992 Marder et al., 1994). 

Another form of a direct crystallization is a preferential crystallization, which is also called resolution by entrainment of one enantiomer. The process involves solution formation, e.g., under elevated temperature that will then be subcooled and seeded with crystals of the preferred species. Preferential crystallization is a potent method for the improvement of the product quality and at the same time achievement of a higher yield and productivity. For example, by preferential crystallization of DL-threonine from the aqueous solution, it is possible already during a simple batch to gain highly pure enantiomers up to a certain point after which the opposite enantiomer nucleates from the solution and leads to a purity drop. If (—)-hydrobenzoin seed crystals are added to an ethanol solution of ( )-hydrobenzoin, the ( )-enantiomer will crystallize out and after 15 cycles, 97% optical purity can be obtained. 

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