Sign test

The p-value for the sign test or Wilcoxon signed rank test can be found in the pValue variable in the pvalue data set. If the variable is from a symmetric distribution, you can get the p-value from the Wilcoxon signed rank test, where the Test variable in the pvalue data set is Signed Rank. If the variable is from a skewed distribution, you can get the p-value from the sign test, where the Test variable in the pvalue data set is Sign. ... 

Some tanks are installed with permanent leak identification sensors, which can check for leaked fuel vapor or liquid as it comes into contact with the sensors.21 However, these, as well as all the environmental sign tests (visual or instrumental) may be triggered by a spill instead of a leak. The success of external systems depends on the sensitivity of the sensor, the ability of the sensor to distinguish the stored chemical from other chemicals, the ambient background noise level of the stored chemical, the migration properties of the chemical, and the sampling network. 

More formally put, after having defined what trend we want to test for, we first match pairs as (X — Xl+C), (X2, X2+c),..., (Xn, c, Xn,) where c = n /2 when n is even and c = ( + l)/2 when n is odd (where n is the number of observations in a set). The hypothesis is then tested by comparing the resulting number of excess positive or negative signs against a sign test table such as is found in Beyer (1976). 

The requirements for persoimel are quite demanding and the assessors look in detail at the qualifieation of the persoimel. The laboratoiy management shall ensure the competenee of all who operate specific equipment, perform tests and/or calibrations, evaluate results, and sign test reports and ealibra-tion certificates. When staff are used which are still undergoing training, appropriate supervision shall be provided. 

Ensuring the competence of all who operate specific equipment, perform tests and/or calibrations, evaluate results, and sign test reports and calibration certifbates. 

The responsibilities listed here have to be allocated. Especially the responsibility for signing test reports, i.e. the responsibility forthe laboratory s prodnct is very important. 

Sign test a test of significance based on the signs of certain observations and not their magnitude. 

Of the 38 subjects tested, 27 showed the predicted shift (13 of 19 in the Decrease condition and 14 of 19 in the Increase condition), and 11 did not,/> <. 01 by the sign test. Five subjects in each condition showed no shift, whereas one subject in the Decrease condition, a suicidal type, showed a shift opposite from prediction. 

Wilcoxon rank-sum test, sign test, winning sites method... 

For both DSL and ASL, nominals that do not have inherent temporal meaning can be associated with the deictic time line and thereby take on temporal meaning. Figure 6.8 provides an example in which the sign test is associated with a location on the deictic time line, test is not a time expression, but it takes on temporal meaning ( next Friday s test ) by virtue of its spatial location. 

Witness test results as they occur. This requires personnel to monitor testing as it progresses and sign test results/outcomes as each test is completed. This approach need only be nsed to document critical observations where physical test evidence such as printouts are not directly available from the computer system (e.g., audible alarm). The role of the witness can be restricted to GxP-related Test Cases. 

Testing should be fully documented, including approved, detailed test specifications, test cases, and the results of testing in the form of signed test sheets and raw data to provide a complete record of the testing undertaken. 

Definition 7.1. The components of a standard fail-stop signature scheme with one risk bearer for a non-empty message space Af c 0,1 " and a non-empty set Message bounds c IN u > are a 5-tuple Gen, sign, test, prove, verify) where... 

Any main key pair based on a prekey prek is used for messages from Mpf-g. More precisely, the domains of the second parameter, m, of the algorithms sign, test, and prove can be restricted as follows, depending on the first parameter ... 

Definition 11.19 (Rudimentary standard information-theoretically secure signature schemes). The components of a rudimentary standard information-theoretically secure signature scheme (in functional notation) for a nonempty message space Me 0, and a non-empty set Messagejbounds c N u oo are a triple Gen, sign, test) where... 

The calculation is done from the volume partitions of the pure eomponents and their specific calorific values under standard conditions. The comparison of values calculated in this way and those obtained by a gas ealorimeter is demonstrated in table 2. Probes for chromatography were taken with a sampling facility as described above. The deviation is smaller than 0,5 % and a sign test shows that systematic errors do not... 

The sign test to compare two treatments. We assume that there are several independent pairs of observations on the two treatments. The hypothesis to be tested states that each difference has a probability distribution having mean equal to zero. For each difference the algebraic sign is noted and then the number of times the less frequent sign is considered as the test statistic. There are speciahzed tables for the critical value of this quantity once a level of significance is chosen. 

Submissive animals exhibit significantly more grooming than dominant ones (p<0.05, sign test, Siegel, 1956). 

If there is the possibility of some correlation (i.e., a relationship between the two sets of data), Ishikawa recommends using a simple sign test to see if the correlation is significant. This test is illustrated in Figure 5.14. 

The table uses the binomial distribution with P=0.5 to give the probabilities of ror less successes for n=4-15. These values correspond to a one-tailed sign test and should be doubled for a fwo-tailed test. 

---