Sidewall formation

The two main approaches employed in chemically induced CD shrink techniques are based on sidewall formation and sidewall erosion, respectively. 

Chemically induced CD shrink techniques based on sidewall formation... 

Keywords d rec methods, indirect methods, rock properties, coring, core barrel, standard core analysis, special core analysis, slabbed core, sidewall samples, direct indications, microfossils, sonde, logging unit, invasion, mudcake, formation pressure measurement, fluid sampling, measurement while drilling, formation evaluation while drilling. 

The sidewall sampling tool (Sl/VS) can be used to obtain small plugs (2 cm diameter, 5 cm length, often less) directly from the borehole wall. The tool is run on wireline after the hole has been drilled. Some 20 to 30 individual bullets are fired from each gun (Fig. 5.35) at different depths. The hollow bullet will penetrate the formation and a rock sample will be trapped inside the steel cylinder. By pulling the tool upwards, wires connected to the gun pull the bullet and sample from the borehole wall. 

A vertical cylindrical, and mechanical agitated pressure vessel, equipped with baffles to prevent vortex formation is the most widely used fermenter configuration. The baffles are typically one-tenth of the fermenter diameter in widtli, and are welded to supports tliat extend from the sidewall. A small space between the sidewall and the baffle enables cleaning. Internal heat transfer tube bundles can also be used as baffles. The vessels must withstand a 45 psig internal pressure and full vacuum of -14.7 psig, and comply with the ASME code. 

The vertical tubes serve as baffles to a certain extent, but not enough to prevent some vortex formation. The helical coll installations may have sidewall baffles (usually four Ao or Xj dla.), or baffles assembled with the coil itself (See Figures 5-23H, 5-231, 5-38 and 5-39.)... 

Tulip-flame formation begins simultaneously with the rapid decrease in the flame area that accompanies the flame quench at the sidewalls of fhe combustion vessel... 

Fig. 4. (a) TEM image of TaN metal electrode gate stack after Ch etching, revealing thick residues formation on the sidewall (etching was done in DPS) SEM image of TaN metal electrode (b) before and (c) after DHF cleaning. 

In another example [56] SWNT was modified with peroxytrifluoroacetic add (PTFAA). Raman spectrum of the carbon nanotubes after the FIFA A treatment shows a D-line substantially increased indicating the formation of defect sites with sp3-hybridized carbon atoms on the sidewalls due to the addition of the functional groups. The RBM bands in the region of 170-270cm-1 decreased and shifted to higher... 

With time, however, the company encountered problems, including caving of the formation into the wellbore and the loss of permeability in zones that had accepted fluid. In June 1987, a number of sidewall cores were taken from the formation (Mehnert et al., 1990). Mineralogic analysis by x-ray diffraction showed that significant amounts of calcite (CaCCb) and brucite [Mg(OH)2], as well as some amorphous matter, had formed from the original dolomite. In some samples, the dolomite was completely consumed and the rock was found to be composed entirely of a mixture of brucite and calcite. 

Diazonium salts are another useful source of free radicals, and the formation of the reactive species can be achieved by reductive electrolysis or direct treatment with diazonium tetrafluoroborate salts [39]. By this route, several aryl derivatives could be introduced onto the nanotube sidewalls [40]. Aryl groups bearing halogen or alkyne functionalities are particularly interesting as they can be further reacted in Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions (Suzuki, Heck) or in click chemistry reactions to create products with great potential in materials science [41]. 

Poly(phenylenevinylene) derivatives are amongst the most studied as far as carbon nanotubes are concerned. They helically envelop the CNT sidewalls resulting in formation of composites with greatly enhanced conductivity with applications in optoelectronics [56]. 

FIGURE 2.32 The electrode formation on glass by metal lift-off technique without deposition on the channel sidewalls [141]. Reprinted with permission from Wiley-VCH Verlag. 

---