Short-term test methods

Bielefeldt K and Schmachteiibeig E (1990) Development of a Short Term Testing Method for Welded Liners. In Koemer RM (ed) Geosynthetic Testing for Waste Containment Applications, ASTM Special Technical Pnblication 1081. ASTM, Philadelphia, USA, pp 143-154... 

It has been pointed out that reliable information and guidelines for the selection of repair strategies remain scarce and that there is an urgent need to establish suitable (preferably short-term) test methods for evaluating corrosion protection in repair systems. 

The advantages of these methods are that they are generally short-term tests giving results in few hours or days, they require only small amount of chemical and space and they are generally cheap to run compared to in vivo experiments. 

Matsushima T, Muramatsu M, Haresaku M. 1985. Mutation tests on Salmonella typhimurium by the preincubation method. In Ashby J, de Serres FJ, et al., eds. Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers, 181-186. 

The design engineer would like to be able to predict the life of a component under given conditions on the basis of materials information or short-term tests. He can then choose his material such that the component will outlive its design life, its warranty period, or the lifetime expected by the market. Alternatively, he can set out a plan for maintenance or replacement. This book attempts to explain the methods currently used to make these predictions. 

Epler, J. L., The Use of Short-Term Tests in the Isolation and Identification of Chemical Mutagens in Complex Mixtures, in Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for Their Detection (F. J. DeSerres and A. Hollander, Eds.), Vol. 6, pp. 239-270, Plenum, New York, 1980. 

Matsushima, T, Muiamatsu, M. Haresaku, M. (1985) Mutation tests on Salmonella typhi-murium by the pieincubation method. In Ashby, J., de Serres, F.J., Draper, M., Ishidate, M., Jr, Margolin, B.H., Matter, B.E. Shelby, M.D., eds. Progress in Mutation Research, Volume 5, Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Programme on Chemical Safety s Collaborative Study on in vitro assays, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science, pp. 181-186... 

In the absence of definitive human data, risk assessment may have to depend on the results of cancer bioassays in laboratory animals, short-term tests, or other experimental methods. Hence the following issues must be addressed under such circumstances the ability of the test system to predict risks for man (quantitatively as well as qualitatively) the reproducibility of test results the influence of species differences in pharmacokinetics, metabolism, homeostasis, repair rates, life span, organ sensitivity, and baseline cancer rates extrapolation across dose and dose rates, and routes of exposure the significance of benign tumors fitting models to the data in order to characterize dose-incidence relationships and the significance of negative results. 

The enormous cost of multiple-species, multiple-dose, lifetime evaluations of chronic effects has already made the task of carrying out hazard assessments of all chemicals in commercial use impossible. At the same time, quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies are not yet predictive enough to indicate which chemicals should be so tested and which chemicals need not be tested. In exposure assessment, continued development of analytical methods will permit ever more sensitive and selective determinations of toxicants in food and the environment, as well as the effects of chemical mixtures and the potential for interactions that affect the ultimate expression of toxicity. Developments in QSARs, in short-term tests based on the expected mechanism of toxic action and simplification of chronic testing procedures, will all be necessary if the chemicals to which the public and the environment are exposed are to be assessed adequately for their potential to cause harm. 

Environmental Tests. It is desirable to know the rate at which an adhesive bond will lose strength due to environmental factors in service. Strength values determined by short-term tests do not give an adequate indication of an adhesive s performance during continuous environmental exposure. Laboratory-controlled aging tests seldom last longer than a few thousand hours. To predict the permanence of an adhesive over a 20-year product life requires accelerated test procedures and extrapolation of data. Such extrapolations are extremely risky because the causes of adhesive bond deterioration are complex (see Sec. 15.2.2). Unfortunately no universal method has yet been established to estimate bond life accurately from short-term aging data. 

US Environmental Protection Agency, Treatment standards for hazardous debris, 40CFR Part 268.45,1994. American Society for Testing of Materials, Standard test methods for determining chemical durability of nuclear, hazardous, and mixed waste glasses the product consistency test, ASTM C 1285-97, 1997. American Nuclear Society, American National Standard Measurement of the leachabiUty in solidified low-level radioactive wastes by a short term test procedure, Method ANSl/ANS 16.1-1986, 1986. 

Benigni R, Pellizzone G, Giuliani A. Comparison of different computerized classification methods for predicting carcinogenicity from short-term test results. J Toxicol Environ Health 1989 28 427 14. 

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