Sheffield steel

In 1916, Hitchins herself was drafted to work in the Admiralty Steel Analysis Laboratories.54 When the former male occupants of the analytical laboratories returned upon the end of hostilities, Hitchins lost her position. However, the wartime analytical experience enabled her to find employment as a chemist with a Sheffield steel works until Soddy, then at Oxford, obtained funding to rehire her.55... 

With few exceptions, the end of the war resulted in the termination of employment for women chemists. The government closed the explosives factories, while the male chemists returned from their war duties and reoccupied their former faculty and research positions. The respondent to Agnes Conway from the Sheffield Steel Company of Thos. Frith noted On the signing of the Armistice most of the women were replaced by returning soldiers, but two [of 16] in the General Laboratory have become so proficient that their services have been retained. 35... 

Stainless Steel from Avesta Sheffield—Steel Grades. 2d ed. Avesta, Sweden, Avesta Sheffield, 1997. 

British andForeign Specificationsfor Steel Castings (1980) Steel Casting Research and Trade Association, Sheffield, U.K., 1980. 

J. H. Chesters, Steel Plant Refractories, Testing Research and Development, The United Steel Co., Ltd., Sheffield, U.K., 1963. 

Most steels when exposed to air will gradually rust. (This does not apply to all steels stainless steel for example was invented - in Sheffield - specifically to resist rust.) Steel has therefore always been covered - frequently painted for example - by its users in order to protect it. Nowadays the steelmaker can improve steel s corrosion resistance by coating it in the factory prior to delivery to the end-user. A wide range of different coatings is available, including ... 

Examples are tViggin Alloys 100, Henry Wiggin Co. Ltd., Hereford Copper in Chemical Plant, Copper Development Association, London (1960) Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel, Publication 112/1, Firth Vickers Stainless Steel Ltd., Sheffield Corrosion Resistance of Titanium, Imperial Metals Industries (Kynoch) Ltd., Birmingham... 

In most districts, however, sulphur dioxide and dust particles are the main corrosive pollutants. It has been demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere and the corrosion of steel exposed to it (see Fig. 3.2). In a series of tests carried out in the Sheffield area, sulphur dioxide accounted for about 50% of the variations in corrosion rate at the different sites. ... 

Effect of surface condition As previously noted, millscale on steel may decrease the corrosion rate over short periods. However, over longer periods the surface condition is not usually a determining factor as can be seen from Table 3.4 which shows the results of 5-year tests at Sheffield. 

Table 3.4 Effect of the surface condition at the time of exposure on the atmospheric corrosion of mild steel (BISRA) (5 years outdoor exposure at Sheffield)...

Fig. 3.4 Rusting of mild steel (0-02% Cu) in the open air at Sheffield and Llanwrtyd Wells...

The general effect of low-alloy additions on the rusting of structural steel in the open air is illustrated in Fig. 3.7, which shows the results of tests conducted by BSC for ten years in an industrial district of Sheffield. Figure... 

The effects of some alloying elements on relative behaviour in an industrial atmosphere (Sheffield, U.K.) are shown in Table 3.21A. For comparison, data for simultaneous tests on carbon steel and some non-ferrous material are given. Results are as weight loss over a five-year period and data from... 

Table 3.22A Effect of periodic working on the behaviour of several stainless steels exposed to an industrial atmosphere (Sheffield, 1962-1968)...

Fig. 13.6 Relation between coating life and weight for metal coatings on steel exposed at Sheffield. The line for aluminium has been amended and drawn as a curve (after Fig. 7 of Special Report No. 66 of the Iron and Steel Institute)...

Aluminium-sprayed steel windows in Sheffield remained in good condition some 17 years after erection. Aluminium-sprayed coating on a steel structure at a steelworks in Sheffield is intact after service for 34 years with paint maintenance at approximately 10-year intervals. 

The rate of corrosion of unpainted mild steel immersed in sea-water was found by Hudson and Banfield to be 0 089mm/y. Hudson obtained a similar average value for steel exposed in the open air under industrial conditions (0 051 mm/y at Motherwell and 0- 109mm/y at Sheffield). This rate of corrosion corresponds to the destruction of 0-07 g/cm per year of iron. Assuming that the corrosion product was FcjOj.HjO, this rate of... 

Avesta Sheffield, Corrosion Handbook for Stainless Steels, Avesta, Sheffield, 1994. 

Vickers. Brit machine guns. The firm of Vickers began in Sheffield as steel makers and from this it moved into shipbuilding and opened yards on the Tyne and in the northwest of Engl. A factory was constructed at Erith on the Thames, and it was here that the Maxim gun was manufd. Hiram Maxim (see Vol 8, M45-R) needed a partner with a manufg base for the production of his gun, and in 1883 he entered into an agreement with Albert Vickers. In time the firm be-... 

The industrial application of vanadium received its main impetus, however, when the metal entered the domain of metallurgy. In 1893 Moissan applied his electric furnace to the making of alloys of vanadium, and produced ferrovanadium in large quantity. The mechanical properties of vanadium steels were noted by Helouis in 1896,2 but were first thoroughly investigated at Sheffield, England, by Professor Arnold in 1900 (see p. 26), whose work was followed by that of Sankey and Smith in 1904. The discovery of the vast Peruvian deposits in 1905 was followed by the successful preparation from them of a ferrovanadium alloy which could readily be employed in the manufacture of vanadium steels. This process now absorbs nearly all the world s production of vanadium. 

RDX, Compns A B, PETN, Pentolite, Tetry-tol, Haleite andEdnatol) in contact with strips of Cu, brass or mild steel plated with Cu, at atmospheric temp or at 50°, had very little effect on metals, provided all the components were dry. Some tarnishing and corrosion of metal took place with some expls. More detailed info on this subject may be found in Addnl Ref E] E) O.E. Sheffield, PATR 1783 (1950), "Effects of Materials on the Properties of Explosives (Action of many expls, proplnts and pyrotechnic compns on various substances, including Cu, its alloys brass bronze and Cu-plated steel was investigated and tabulated. Results of investigations shown in this very extensive report are essentially the same as mentioned in Addnl Ref D) F) S. Kinoshita T. Sakamaki, Japan P 2498 (1953) CA 48, 6700 (1954) [Electric detonator compns, such as ... 

Anon., Rust, Acid and Heat-Resisting Steels , Publication 101, Firfh-Vickers Stainless Steels Limited, Staybrite Works, Sheffield, UK (reprinted 1966). 

Sheffield plate silver is copper with a thin coating of silver. Close plating involves silver foil over iron or steel. German silver actually contains no silver. It is composed of 50% copper, 25% nickel, and 25% zinc, and is often used as a base for electroplating. Paktong is a similar form of nickel-silver that originated in China, for which the ratios of the metals is uncertain. 

A crucial task was to analyse samples of the iron and steel used in the production of, for example, ships and tanks. It is not surprising, then, that Sheffield, the centre of the British steel industry, became the focus for training of women in chemical... 

Some of the steel companies welcomed the women analysts. The Chief Supervisor of the Women s Welfare Department of Thos. Frith Sons Ltd. of Sheffield, J. H. A. Turner, wrote to Conway to inform her that 4 women had worked in the research laboratory and 16 in the general laboratory at the company, primarily on the analysis of iron and steels and in microphotography. 

Huntsman Also called the Crucible process. A method for purifying blister steel, made by cementation, by melting it in a closed clay or graphite crucible and pouring the melt into a cast iron mold. Developed by B. Huntsman, a clockmaker, around 1740, initially in Doncaster and later in Sheffield, UK. The process was not patented but was operated in secrecy for some years. It was subsequently widely operated in the UK, Europe (where the combination of this with the cemen-... 

Also available are numerous styles of hand made, high quality blades from Solingen and Sheffield a complete line of Russell Green River knives and a selection of laminated steel blades from Norway. These are made up of a core of razor blade hard steel for toughness, and an outer sandwich of two shock resistant steel slabs for flexibility and break resistance. ... 

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