Shatter fracture

The compressive data are of limited design value. They can be used for comparative material evaluation and design purposes if the conditions of the test approximate those of the application. The data are of definite value for materials that fail in the compressive test by a shattering fracture. On the other hand, for those that do not fail in this manner, the compressive information is arbitrary and is determined by selecting a point of compressive deformation at which it is considered that a complete failure of the material has taken place. About 10% of deformation are viewed in most cases as maximum. 

The term shatter fracture applies to a situation where the applied energy is well in excess of that necessary for fracture. Many regions of the particle are overloaded under these conditions, yielding a comparatively large number of particles with a wide distribution of sizes. This type of fracture occurs under conditions of rapid loading such as those obtained in a high-velocity impact. 

The maximum compressive stress a material is capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. In the case of ductile, malleable, or semi-viscous materials (which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material. 

In certain diseases, such as osteomalacia, syphilis, and osteomyeHtis, bones break spontaneously and without a trauma. The severity of the fracture usually depends on the force that caused the fracture. If a bone s breaking point was exceeded only slightly, then the bone may crack rather than break all the way through. If the force is extreme, such as in an automobile collision or a gunshot, the bone may shatter. An open or compound fracture is particularly serious because infection is possible in both the wound and the bone. A serious bone infection can result in amputation. 

Dental abrasives range in fineness from those that do not damage tooth stmcture to those that cut tooth enamel. Abrasive particles should be irregular and jagged so that they always present a sharp edge, and should be harder than the material abraded. Another property of an abrasive is its impact strength, ie, if the particle shatters on impact it is ineffective if it never fractures, the edge becomes dull. Other desirable characteristics include the abiUty to resist wear and solvation. 

The manner in which a particle fractures depends on (i) the nature of the particle and (ii) the manner in which the fracture force is applied. A number of terms have been used to describe the different mechanisms of single particle fracture. The different terms considered here are abrasion, cleavage, shatter, and chipping. It may be pointed out that in practice these events do not occur in isolation. Real breakage involves a combination of these processes, with the proportions changing, depending on the equipment, and on the manner each particle is stressed within it. 

Brake means to slow down or stop. 1 may not have had the accident if 1 had braked sooner. Srea/r means to fracture or shatter. Children playing at unsafe playgrounds are more likely to break bones. 

Explosive Di sintegrotion, Explosive Fracturing or Explosive Shattering. (See also Explosive Unit Operations)... 

Expl disintegration, expl fracturing or expl shattering 6 E407-E408... 

The ability to withstand shatter. A measure of how much energy can be absorbed before rupture. Easily shattered materials (small strain to fracture) are termed brittle. 

In spite of its developing state, dynamic fracture must be dealt with in designing ceramic structural components, such as heat engine components, ceramic armor and ceramic cutting tools. Shattering, which is characteristic of a... 

Chemicals can be dangerous because of their special storage needs. Chemicals that are mixed and react are even more dangerous because many reactions release large amounts of heat. Glass is heat-sensitive and can shatter if there is a sudden change in temperature due to a reaction. Some glassware, such as Pyrex, is heat-conditioned but can still fracture under extreme heat conditions, especially if scratched. 

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