Single-Particle Fracture

Fine Size Limit (See also Single-Particle Fracture above.)... 

The manner in which a particle fractures depends on (i) the nature of the particle and (ii) the manner in which the fracture force is applied. A number of terms have been used to describe the different mechanisms of single particle fracture. The different terms considered here are abrasion, cleavage, shatter, and chipping. It may be pointed out that in practice these events do not occur in isolation. Real breakage involves a combination of these processes, with the proportions changing, depending on the equipment, and on the manner each particle is stressed within it. 

Single-Particle Fracture The key issue in all breakage processes is the creation of a stress field inside the particle that is intense enough to cause breakage. The state of stress and the breakage reaction are affected by many parameters that can be grouped into both particle properties and loading conditions, as shown in Fig. 21-58. 

Fine Size Limit (See also Single-Particle Fracture above.) It has long been thought that a limiting size is attainable, and, in fact, it is almost a logical necessity that grinding cannot continue down to the molecular level. Nonetheless, recent results suggest that stirred... 

Horikoshi, S., Itoh, T., Mohamedi, M., and Uchida, 1. (2000) In situ observation of IiNi02 single-particle fracture during li-ion extraction and insertion. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.,... 

Circulation and stirring conditions. This must be done on an individual basis. If the particles in the API exist as single crystals, aggressive settings should be avoided to prevent particle fracture. 

The fact that each particle enclosed in the primary bulk layer transformed into a craze leaves a mark on the SEM picture of the fracture surface, does not seem surprising. But the fact that only face to face particles are detected by optical interferometry is more striking Fig. 23 shows schematically the proposed explanation. As long as only a single particle is absorbed by the craze, the craze fibril drawing... 

Dunand and Soucemarianadin (65) used viscometric measurements to study sedimentation of single particles and suspensions in static HPG fracturing fluids. They showed that the viscosity of these fluids can be... 

When XP > the particles fracture is practically non-activated without the energetic barrier it represent a tearing process, occurring into a single step, whose intensity is determined only by pressure and that is independently by temperature. 

The first is the strength of anti-fracture. This experimental method is divided into single particle crush strength (SPCS), the whole stack crush strength (WSCS) and the drop-shatter test. 

Experimental efforts to understand the mechanics in single-particle electrodes are twofold. One group of studies has attempted to find evidence to connect failure mechanisms and mechanics. Mechanical failure of battery materials (i.e., particle fracture) has been considered to be one of the major failure mechanisms of Li-ion batteries, causing loss of electrical contact through separated electrodes. 

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