Shale oil fractions

Table IV. Chemical Analysis and Molecular Weights of Shale Oil Fractions...

Hydrogenation tests made on the 600°-1000°F heavy gas oil from in situ crude shale oil showed that a nickel-molybdenum-on-ahimina catalyst was superior to either cobalt-molybdenum-on-alumina or nickel-tungsten-on-alumina catalysts for removing nitrpgen from shale oil fractions. This nickel-molybdenum-on-alumina catalyst was used in the preparation of the synthetic crude oil. A high yield of premium refinery feedstock whose properties compared favorably with those of a syncrude described by the NPC was attained by hydrogenating the naphtha, light... 

The cobalt molybdate catalyst is also suitable for the reduction of organic nitrogen bases (30). From Colorado-shale-oil fractions containing 2% N2 and 0.7% sulfur, jet and Diesel fuels have been obtained with 0.01 to 0.1% N2 and 0.03 to 0.04% sulfur. 

In the field of hydrocarbon conversions, N. D. Zelinskii and his numerous co-workers have published much important information since 1911. Zelinskii s method for the selective dehydrogenation of cyclohexanes over platinum and palladium was first applied to analytical work (155,351,438,439), but in recent years attempts have been made to use it industrially for the manufacture of aromatics from the cyclohexanes contained in petroleum. In addition, nickel on alumina was used for this purpose by V. I. Komarewsky in 1924 (444) and subsequently by N. I. Shuikin (454,455,456). Hydrogen disproportionation of cyclohexenes over platinum or palladium discovered by N. D. Zelinskii (331,387) is a related field of research. Studies of hydrogen disproportionation are being continued, and their application is being extended to compounds such as alkenyl cyclohexanes. The dehydrocyclization of paraffins was reported by this institute (Kazanskil and Plate) simultaneously with B. L. Moldavskil and co-workers and with Karzhev (1937). The catalysts employed by this school have also been tested for the desulfurization of petroleum and shale oil fractions by hydrogenation under atmospheric pressure. Substantial sulfur removal was achieved by the use of platinum and nickel on alumina (392). 

The examination of MI fluorescence spectra of the analogous fractions from the LC of a shale-derived oil (from a simulated in situ bum from Mahogany zone of Green River shale) reveals the presence of the same compounds, in the same fractions, as in the Synthoil fractions. The fluorescence spectra of the shale oil and Synthoil fractions have similar overall appearances. Quantitative analyses for pyrene, benz[a] anthracene (BaA), chrysene, and benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) were performed in the shale oil fractions the results are listed in Table I. 

The IR spectra of all LC fractions from both Synthoil and shale oil contain a very intense feature at 750 cm and a less intense band at 820 cm". These bands, together with a strong feature at 3495 cm", are indicative of N-H stretching vibrations, thus implying the presence of amines and/or N-heterocyclics in substantial quantities in these samples. Indeed, previous analyses (26) of Synthoil have demonstrated the presence of relatively high concentrations of indole (210 ppm) and 3-methyhndole (130 ppm). However, a careful examination of MI fluorescence spectra of indole and a number of substituted indoles shows no match with any of the major unknown bands in the MI fluorescence spectra of the various Synthoil and shale oil fractions (27). Thus, it remains to identify the unknown fluorescent constituents of these samples, and the identities of the compounds responsible for the intense N-H absorptions in the FTIR spectra remain to be established. 

The primary difference in shale oils produced by different processing methods is in boiling point distribution. Rate of heating, as well as temperature level and duration of product exposure to high temperature, affect product type and yield (28). Gas combustion processes tend to yield slightly heavier hquid products because of combustion of the lighter, ie, naphtha, fractions. 

Useful Surfactants from Polar Fractions of Petroleum and Shale Oil... 

The current research objective is to evaluate the surface activity of the subfractions obtained from the solvent fractionated crude oil and shale oil samples as they are passed through the separation process developed for this work. The columns used are anion exchange resin,... 

The weight percentage breakdown of fractions and subfractions obtained from fractionation of both the crude oil and shale oil samples are shown in Figure 3 and 4, respectively. The percentage recoveries of Fraction HI from the crude oU and shale oil samples were 16.5% and 24.1%, respectively. To investigate the interfacial activity of these subfractions upon reaction with alkali, IFT measurements were carried out with a 1% solution of each fraction in toluene against aqueous... 

Figure 1. Solvent Fractionation Scheme Using Silicon Gel Column for Crude Oil and Shale Oil.

Figure 3. Content of Fractions of Crude Oil and Shale Oil by Silicon Gel Column.

Figure 4. Content of Subfractions of Crude Oil and Shale Oil by Ion Exchange Chromatography (A = Acid, B = Base, and N = Neutral Fractions).

The highest surface activity of fraction A3 extracted from shale oil needs to be explored in detail in order to understand this very unique phenomena. The benchmark experiments performed by Lee et al. (22) in studies of dissociation phenomena of Stuart oil shale in an alkaline environment proved the formation of carboxylic acids as it was verified from GC results. In another study by Lee et al. (23), it was shown that the hydroxyl ions from an alkaline solution could decompose the silicate and aluminasilicate structures in oil shale samples, provided that ultrasonic radiation and electrolytic current were simultaneously applied. 

Hydroxy derivatives of benzofuran are also found in the phenolic fractions of shale oil tar such compounds are formed by thermal ring closure of phenol ethers with unsaturated side chains.113-115 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)benzofuran has been isolated in small amounts from the depolymerization products of some tars (in the presence of phenol).114,115... 

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