Shale isolate

Figure 1 illustrates an isotherm for sorption of TCB by a shale isolate from a Michigan subsoil designated Wagner soil. This isotherm is nonlinea over the concentration range examined. In contrast, a prediction of TCB sorp tion by this material, based on equation 4 and using the average Kn( value o... 

Figure 1. Comparison of a measured isotherm for sorption of 1,2,4-trichloroben-zene by a subsoil shale isolate (ioc = 0.053) to a linear prediction for Kot. = 1752 cm3/g and foc = 0.053.

A nonlinear local isotherm model is clearly required for description of sorption reactions between the TCB and the shale isolate. A variety of conceptual and empirical models for representing nonlinear sorption equilibria, exists (2). The Langmuir model is one of the ideal limiting-condition-type models cited earlier. It is predicated on a uniform surface affinity for the solute and prescribes a nonlinear asymptotic approach to some maximum sorption capacity. 

Figure 2. Logarithmic transforms of surface-area-normalized data and the corresponding Freundlich isotherm for sorption of TCB by a shale isolate.

Figure 5. Ratios of qe values (at Ce = 50 jig/L) based on the DRM to qe values based on a bulk linear distribution coefficient for varying foc levels. Ratios are presented for two soils having different shale-isolate surface areas (SA) and...

The experimental results given in Figure 7 provide confirmation of the importance of such small but highly reactive nonlinearly sorbing components to the overall sorption behavior of hydrophobic contaminants in subsurface systems. This figure presents a comparison of the carbon-normalized contribution of the nonlinear local TCB isotherm for the shale isolated from the Wagner soil to the composite sorption isotherm for the soil itself. 

The sorption of TCB by another Michigan soil designated Ann Arbor II, which was collected closer to the surface, is also shown in Figure 7. The carbon-normalized sorption here is equal to or lower than that predicted for partitioning into an organic phase, using the average value of 1752 cm3/g from Table I. The extent of isotherm nonlinearity in = 0.86) is lower for this near-surface soil than for the isotherms of the subsoil and shale isolate. 

Shurr, G.W. "The Pierre Shale, Northern Great Plains a Potential Isolation Medium for Radioactive Waste", U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-776, 1977. 

An oil field may comprise more than one reservoir, i.e., more than one single, continuous, bounded accumulation of oil. Indeed, several reservoirs may exist at various increasing depths, stacked one above the other, isolated by intervening shales and impervious rock strata. Such reservoirs may vary in size from a few tens of hectares to tens of square kilometers. Their layers may be from a few meters in thickness to several hundred or more. Most of the oil that has been discovered and exploited in the world has been found in a relatively few large reservoirs. In the USA, for example, 60 of the approximately 10,000 oil fields have accounted for half of the productive capacity and reserves in the country. 

Three textural types of pyrite occur in all samples examined 1) early framboids or irregular masses, 2) isolated euhedra, and 3) pyrites with massive cores and spongy or porous rims (Fig. 1). Types 2 and 3 occur in both shale and cross-cutting to bedding parallel veins, whereas type 1 occurs in shale only. 

Thietanes and 3-thietanones represent the only four-membered sulfur-containing heterocycles of the title group that have been isolated from natural sources. Even in petroleum deposits, where 5- and 6-membered cyclic sulfur compounds are common, thietanes occur only in small amounts. However, thiacyclobutane (1) and thiacyclopentane are both commonly found in shale oil and could be utilized as a possible source of fuel. ... 

Research sponsored by the Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation and Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology, U. S. Department of Energy under contract W-7405-eng-26 with the Union Carbide Corporation. 

Amino Acids. Traces of amino acids were found in the Devonian Newton Hamilton and Marcellus Formations in a previous study (7). In the present work (Table V) small quantities of amino acids were isolated from the Marcellus shale. In both the earlier work and the present study an amino acid that chromatographed as arginine was found. Other amino acids in the Marcellus black shale are histidine( ), methionine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, leucine or isoleucine, and two unknowns, possibly including aminobutyric acid of nonprotein origin in the Newton Hamilton Formation histidine( ). Ammonia was also present in both the Marcellus and the Newton Hamilton. 

Hydroxy derivatives of benzofuran are also found in the phenolic fractions of shale oil tar such compounds are formed by thermal ring closure of phenol ethers with unsaturated side chains.113-115 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)benzofuran has been isolated in small amounts from the depolymerization products of some tars (in the presence of phenol).114,115... 

Isolated From Oil-Shale Bitumen, J. Chem. Eng. Data (1964) 9 (2), 304-307. 

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