Setting operating targets

Setting Operating Targets with Column Bottom Temperature... 

It is essential for projec t and production management to agree beforehand on the definition to be apphed. Obtaining agreement on the definition of normal operation is important since (1) it sets a target for field personnel, (2) it ensures that eveiyone is striving for the same target, (3) it permits comparisons with other plants, and (4) it determines a cutoff point for completion of startup. It may be neces-... 

Finally, the company s own estimation of fundamental value will frequently be more or less in line with the capital market valuation. This would mean that if the corporate plans are realized in the succeeding years, a shareholder return can be expected of exactly the level of the cost of equity, i.e., roughly the industry average. Here, the valuation logic can be used to set more ambitious objectives in relation to capital market performance, and to translate these into operational targets for profit improvement. 

Setting of plant targets, that add up to operational targets... 

The Lippmann—Schwinger equations (6.73) are written formally in terms of a discrete notation i) for the complete set of target states, which includes the ionisation continuum. For a numerical solution it is necessary to have a finite set of coupled integral equations. We formulate the coupled-channels-optical equations that describe reactions in a channel subspace, called P space. This is projected from the chaimel space by an operator P that includes only a finite set of target states. The entrance channel 0ko) is included in P space. The method was first discussed by Feshbach (1962). Its application to the momentum-space formulation of electron—atom scattering was introduced by McCarthy and Stelbovics... 

PCA techniques can be used either as a detrending (filtering) tool for efficient data analysis and visualization or as a model-building structure to describe the expected variation under normal operation (NO). For a particular process, NO data set covers targeted operating conditions during satisfactory performance. PCA model is based on this representative... 

The basic chemical information used for functional groups, protective groups, sensitivities and reaction conditions is represented by binary sets, and manipulated with logical set operations, AND, OR, XOR, and SUBSET. A binary set containing the current functional groups is established during perception of the target ... 

Legislation which prescribes the use of one technology is unlikely to offer an optimum integrated approach in all cases and inevitably, by limiting the operator s flexibility, it increases costs. The most cost effective legislation sets end targets based on cost-benefit analysis, but it does not prescribe the mechanism for industry to use to achieve the target. 

Polymers are performance materials, whose market values usually depend on the balance of a large set of end-use properties, such as transition temperatures, rheological characteristics, mechanical properties, etc. Therefore, the process operation conditions must assure that many distinct end-use properties reach a certain set of target values simultaneously after completion of the polymerization. The market value of the polymer will be lessened if one of the possibly many desired final properties is not satisfactory. 

In developing correlations, one needs to connect energy with product yields and quality. One such example is discussed in detail in Chapter 4. The correlations can be applied for operation optimization. For automatic control, the correlations can be implemented into an APC system, which determines the set points for independent operating parameters. For manual control, operating targets for independent parameters can be obtained based on the correlations. 

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