Setting luminance

The GIE Standard Observer. The CIE standard observer is a set of curves giving the tristimulus responses of an imaginary observer representing an average population for three primary colors arbitrarily chosen for convenience. The 1931 CIE standard observer was deterrnined for 2° foveal vision, while the later 1964 CIE supplementary standard observer appHes to a 10° vision a subscript 10 is usually used for the latter. The curves for both are given in Eigure 7 and the differences between the two observers can be seen in Table 2. The standard observers were defined in such a way that of the three primary responses x(X),jy(X), and X), the value ofjy(X) corresponds to the spectral photopic luminous efficiency, ie, to the perceived overall lightness of an object. 

Substances that are intrinsically fluorescent can often be exeited with long-wavelength UV light. They absorb the radiation and then emit, usually in the visible region of the spectrum, so that they appear as bright luminous zones, whieh can frequently be differentiated by color. They, thus, set themselves apart from the multitude of substances that only exhibit absorption. This detection possibility is characterized by high specificity (Sec. 2.3). 

As shown in Table 4-4, the image luminance values are found to be in good agreement with the calculated mean similarity values of the molecule sets. Therefore, the level of similarity of the molecule set can be immediately judged based on the aver-... 

To demonstrate the excellent correlation (r- = 0.99) between the luminance of the images and molecular diversity, we plotted the luminance values of the map versus the mean similarity values of data sets (Fig. 4-13). From this plot, a scoring scheme for the classification of CSPs from specific to broad application range can be well established Crownpak CR > Pirkle DNBPG > Whelk > Chiralpak AD > Chiralcel OD. 

Fig. 4-13. Plot of map luminance versus mean similarity of molecule sets.

The fifth of the color methods places the three emitting structures in a stack one on top of the other, rather than side by side ]20l ]. Clearly there is a requirement here that the two electrodes in the middle of the structure must be transparent. The advantages are that the display can be made much brighter with up to three times the luminance from each pixel, and the requirements for high resolution patterning are relaxed by a factor of three. The disadvantages are that three times as many layers must be coated (without defects) over the area of the display and electrical driving circuitry must make contact with four sets of elec- trades. It will be extremely difficult to incorporate a stacked OLED into a active matrix array. 

The performance of AMOLEDs is improved drastically in the past years. In contrast to the data shown in Table 1.2 (which representing development stage in 2002), a set of recent data of a 14.1" WXGA AMLCD made with solution-processed OLED emitters is shown in Table 1.3 [163,175,176], The color gamut is improved to over 60% with respect to NTSC. The luminous and power efficiencies at white point (x 0.28, y 0.31) are >8 cd/A and >5 lm/W. The power efficiency surpasses the performance of AMLCDs, plasma displays, and all other known flat-panel displays in commercial market or under development. A photo of the 14.1" AMOLED display is shown in Figure 1.25b. 

To clean the boat boil it in a test tube with dilute nitric acid, attach it to a platinum wire, and ignite it for a short time in the (non-luminous) Bunsen flame. Then set it to cool for about twenty seconds on a nickelled copper block. 

The crude benzotriazole is placed in a 200-cc. modified Claisen flask (Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 1, 125) and distilled under reduced pressure (Note 2). The yield of white solid (yellow cast) boiling at 201-204° at J5 mm. or 156-159° at 2 mm. is 92-99 g. The product in the receiver is melted over a luminous flame and poured into 250 cc, of benzene. The clear solution is stirred until crystallization sets in after being chilled for two hours, the product is filtered on a Buchner funnel. The colorless benzotriazole weighs 90-97 g. (75-81 per cent of the theoretical amount) (Note 3) and melts at 96-97°. 

Lu et al. (1992) performed a comparison of water and solute uptake in the in situ single-pass perfusion model and the isolated loops conscious rat model. Water flux in both experimental set-ups was found to be comparable. It was found that the solute (i.e. acetaminophen and phenytoin) membrane permeabilities (Pm) were consistently higher in the chronically isolated loops compared to the in situ perfusion. It was suggested that this was as a result of greater luminal fluid mixing in the in vivo system. A key advantage of the in vivo approach was that each animal can act as its own control for drug absorption studies. 

In this model there is no stomach compartment but possible dissolution in the stomach can be partly accounted for by defining the boundary conditions (C and r ) in the beginning of the intestine. If fast dissolution is expected in the stomach, the boundary conditions for C can be set to 1, that is, the luminal concentration when entering the intestine equals the saturation solubility in the intestine. If no dissolution is expected in the stomach, the starting value for C will be 0. C can then have all values between 0 and 1 as the boundary condition and this results in the restriction that super-saturation in the intestine due to fast dissolution and high solubility in the stomach can not be accounted for. Assuming that the difference between the mass into and out of the intestine is equal to the mass absorbed at steady state, the Tabs can be calculated from Eq. 17 [40]... 

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