Sequenator

Altschul S F, M S Boguski, W Gish and J C Wootton 1994. Issues in Searching Molecular Sequen Databases. Nature Genetics 6 119-129. 

In the presence of excess hydrogen halide gemmal dihalides are formed by sequen tial addition of two molecules of hydrogen halide to the carbon-carbon triple bond... 

The intent of this standard is to eover the normal requirements of the majority of applieations, reeognizing that eeonomie trade-offs and reliability implieations may differ in some applieations. The user may desire to add, delete, or modify the requirements in this standard to meet his speeifie needs, and he has the option of doing so in his own bid speeifiea-tion. The gas turbine eontrol system shall inelude sequeneing, eontrol, proteetion, and operator information, whieh shall provide for orderly and safe start-up of gas turbine, eontrol of proper loading, and an orderly shutdown proeedure. It shall inelude an emergeney shutdown eapability, whieh ean be operated automatieally by suitable failure deteetors or whieh ean be operated manually. Coordination between gas turbine eontrol and driven equipment must be provided for startup, operation, and shutdown. 

All gas turbines are provided with a eontrol system by the manufaeturer. The eontrol system has three fundamental funetions startup and shutdown sequeneing, steady-state eontrol when the unit is in operation, and protee-tion of the gas turbine. 

ENZYMATIC ANALYSIS WITH CARBOXYPEPTIDASES. Carboxypeptidases are enzymes that cleave amino acid residues from the C-termini of polypeptides in a successive fashion. Four carboxypeptidases are in general use A, B, C, and Y. Carboxypeptidase A (from bovine pancreas) works well in hydrolyzing the C-terminal peptide bond of all residues except proline, arginine, and lysine. The analogous enzyme from hog pancreas, carboxypeptidase B, is effective only when Arg or Lys are the C-terminal residues. Thus, a mixture of carboxypeptidases A and B liberates any C-terminal amino acid except proline. Carboxypeptidase C from citrus leaves and carboxypeptidase Y from yeast act on any C-terminal residue. Because the nature of the amino acid residue at the end often determines the rate at which it is cleaved and because these enzymes remove residues successively, care must be taken in interpreting results. Carboxypeptidase Y cleavage has been adapted to an automated protocol analogous to that used in Edman sequenators. 

Most DNA, natural and synthetic, can adopt the B-form as defined by its characteristic X-ray pattern [3]. There are few a species of synthetic DNA, namely poly(dA) poly(dT), poly(dI) poly(dC), poly(dA-dI) poly(dC-dT) and poly(dI-dC)-poly(dI-dC), which have a B-form that significantly differs from that of the other complementary deoxy polymers due to their different intramolecular packing arrangements and slightly changed value for the rise per residue. The helix parameters are presented in Table 1. The linear sequen-... 

The possibility for automation is offered by the Voyager SF with its stop flow system, able to process larger reaction volumes by sequen-... 

In 1950 an alternative to the Sanger procedure for identifying N-terminal amino acids was reported by Edman—reaction with phenyl-isothiocyanate to give a phenylthiocarbamide labeled peptide. When this was heated in anhydrous HC1 in nitromethane, phenylthiohy-dantoin was split off, releasing the free a-NH2 group of the amino acid in position 2 in the sequence. While initially the FDNB method was probably the more popular, the quantitative precision which could be obtained by the Edman degradation has been successfully adapted to the automatic analysis of peptides in sequenators. 

The two membranes most used for protein work are nitrocellulose and polyvi-nylidene fluoride (PVDF). Both bind proteins at about 100 pg/cm2. Nitrocellulose is the best membrane to use in the initial stages of an experiment. PVDF is used when proteins are to be sequenced or placed into a (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization) mass spectrometer. PVDF can withstand the harsh chemicals of protein sequenators and the heat generated by mass spectrometer lasers, whereas nitrocellulose cannot. 

Timur, H., Ozturk, 1. 1999. Anaerobie sequeneing bateh reaetor treatment of landfill leachate. Water Res 33 3225-3230. 

Uygur, A., Kargi, f. 2004. Biologieal nutrient removal from pie-treated landfill leachate in a sequeneing bateh reaetor. J Environ Manage 71 9-14. 

It should be noted that useful, high resolution (0.75 fim) patterns can be produced in certain negative resists if the development step is followed by a sequene of rinses in solvents that have less and less affinity for the polymer structure. The rinse steps effectively reverse the swelling that occurs during development. 

Protein Sequencing. The xylanase protein sequence was obtained by stepwise automated E an degradation ter an initial double-coupling protocol, using an Applied Biosystems model 470A gas-phase sequenator equipped with an on-line Applied Biosystems model 120A PTH-amino acid analyzer 13). 

In the following section constructural details of the Sequenator will be described to the extent required for an understanding of its operation. A detailed technical description has been published in 1967 by Edman and Begg ). Fig. 3 represents a diagrammatic view of the essential components of the instrument. The central part of the Sequenator is the reaction vessel (A), a cylindrical cup of pyrex glass mounted on the shaft of an electric motor (5). Correct functioning of this device requires that the inside cylindrical surface of the cup runs absolutely true. Variance would cause untolerable turbulence within the liquid film spread on the wall of the cup. An additional requirement is constant rotational speed of the cup. Variance of the speed would cause movement of the film up or down the wall. The cup is housed in a bell jar Q) which... 

A front view of the Sequencer is presented in Fig. 4. Complete description of all details of the Sequencer would by far exceed the scope of this article. Instead, we will discuss only some important solutions of technical problems in comparison to their counterpart in the Sequenator . 

Removal of liquids from the cup is accomplished by the same device as in the Sequenator . The effluent line extends from the groove in the group through the delivery head to a valve which may be connected either to the fraction collector or to the waste bottle. The fraction collector is housed in a compartment which may be refrigerated and evacuated. This provision permits immediate drying under nitrogen of the fractions collected. 

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