Mass separating agent separations

Separation processes use mass- and/or energy-separating agents to perform the separation. Mass-separating agents can be a solid, liquid or gas. Heat is the most common... 

This technique is useful not only when the mixture is impossible to separate by conventional distillation because of an azeotrope but also when the mixture is difficult to separate because of a particularly low relative volatility. Such distillation operations in which an extraneous mass-separating agent is used can be divided into two broad classes. 

In the first class, azeotropic distillation, the extraneous mass-separating agent is relatively volatile and is known as an entrainer. This entrainer forms either a low-boiling binary azeotrope with one of the keys or, more often, a ternary azeotrope containing both keys. The latter kind of operation is feasible only if condensation of the overhead vapor results in two liquid phases, one of which contains the bulk of one of the key components and the other contains the bulk of the entrainer. A t3q)ical scheme is shown in Fig. 3.10. The mixture (A -I- B) is fed to the column, and relatively pure A is taken from the column bottoms. A ternary azeotrope distilled overhead is condensed and separated into two liquid layers in the decanter. One layer contains a mixture of A -I- entrainer which is returned as reflux. The other layer contains relatively pure B. If the B layer contains a significant amount of entrainer, then this layer may need to be fed to an additional column to separate and recycle the entrainer and produce pure B. 

The second class of distillation operation using an extraneous mass-separating agent is extractive distillation. Here, the extraneous mass-separating agent is relatively involatile and is known as a solvent. This operation is quite different from azeotropic distillation in that the solvent is withdrawn from the column bottoms and does not form an azeotrope with any of the components. A typical extractive distillation process is shown in Fig. 3.11. ... 

As with azeotropic distillation, the separation is possible in extractive distillation because the extraneous mass-separating agent interacts more strongly with one of the components than the other. This in turn alters in a favorable way the relative volatility between the key components. 

In principle, extractive distillation is more useful than azeotropic distillation because the process does not depend on the accident of azeotrope formation, and thus a greater choice of mass-separating agent is, in principle, possible. In general, the solvent should have a chemical structure similar to that of the less volatile of the two components. It will then tend to form a near-ideal mixture with the less volatile component and a nonideal mixture with the more volatile component. This has the effect of increasing the volatility of the more volatile component. 

If an azeotropic mixture is to be separated by distillation, then use of pressure change to alter the azeotropic composition should be considered before use of an extraneous mass-separating agent. Avoiding the use of extraneous materials often can prevent environmental problems later in the design. 

Determine identity of any additional species to be used as mass separating agent (MSA). 

D/B = distillate-to-bottoms ratio, RCM = residue curve map, DRD = distillation region diagram, and MSA = mass separating agent. 

Whereas Hquid separation method selection is clearly biased toward simple distillation, no such dominant method exists for gas separation. Several methods can often compete favorably. Moreover, the appropriateness of a given method depends to a large extent on specific process requirements, such as the quantity and extent of the desired separation. The situation contrasts markedly with Hquid mixtures in which the appHcabiHty of the predominant distiHation-based separation methods is relatively insensitive to scale or purity requirements. The lack of convenient problem representation techniques is another complication. Many of the gas—vapor separation methods ate kinetically controUed and do not lend themselves to graphical-phase equiHbrium representations. In addition, many of these methods require the use of some type of mass separation agent and performance varies widely depending on the particular MSA chosen. 

The simple and complex distillation operations just described all have two things in common (1) both rectifying and stripping sections are providea so that a separation can be achieved between two components that are adjacent in volatility and (2) the separation is effected only by the addition and removal of energy and not by the addition of any mass separating agent (MSA) such as in liquid-liquid extraction. 

Introduction The term azeotropic distillation has been apphed to a broad class of fractional distillation-based separation techniques in that specific azeotropic behavior is exploited to effect a separation. The agent that causes the specific azeotropic behavior, often called the entrainer, may already be present in the feed mixture (a self-entraining mixture) or may be an added mass-separation agent. Azeotropic distillation techniques are used throughout the petro-... 

Garrison, G. W., Cooley, B. L., and El-Halwagi, M. M. (1995). Synthesis of mass exchange networks with multiple target mass separating agents. Dev. Chem. Eng. Miner. Proc. 3(1), 31-19. 

In addition to the fixed capital investment needed to purchase and install process equipment and auxiliaries, there is a continuous expenditure referred to as operating cost, which is needed to operate the process. The operating cost (or manufacturing cost or production cost) includes raw materials, mass-separating agents, utilities (fuel, electricity, steam, water, refrigerants, air, etc.), catalysts, additives, labor, and maintenance. The total annualized cost of a process is defined as follows ... 

As pointed out in the previous chapter, the separation of a homogeneous fluid mixture requires the creation of another phase or the addition of a mass separation agent. Consider a homogeneous liquid mixture. If this liquid mixture is partially vaporized, then another phase is created, and the vapor becomes richer in the more volatile components (i.e. those with the lower boiling points) than the liquid phase. The liquid becomes richer in the less-volatile components (i.e. those with the higher boiling points). If the system is allowed to come to equilibrium conditions, then the distribution of the components between the vapor and liquid phases is dictated by vapor-liquid equilibrium considerations (see Chapter 4). All components can appear in both phases. 

When choosing a separation technique (azeotropic distillation, absorption, stripping, liquid-liquid extraction, etc.), the use of extraneous mass-separating agents should be avoided for the following reasons ... 

Occasionally, a component that already exists in the process can be used as the mass separation agent, thus avoiding the introduction of extraneous material. However, clearly in many instances, practical difficulties and excessive cost might force the use of extraneous material. 

When separating azeotropic mixtures, if possible, changes in the azeotropic composition with pressure should be exploited rather than using an extraneous mass-separating agent, since ... 

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